Polarimetric channel characterization of foliage for performance assessment of GPS receivers under tree canopies
The attenuation, depolarization, and fluctuation of a microwave signal going through a tree canopy are investigated by developing a Monte Carlo based coherent scattering model. In particular, the model is used to analyze the performance of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers under tree canopie...
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| Published in: | IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation Vol. 50; no. 5; pp. 713 - 726 |
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| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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New York
IEEE
01.05.2002
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
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| ISSN: | 0018-926X, 1558-2221 |
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| Abstract | The attenuation, depolarization, and fluctuation of a microwave signal going through a tree canopy are investigated by developing a Monte Carlo based coherent scattering model. In particular, the model is used to analyze the performance of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers under tree canopies. Also the frequency and time-domain channel characteristics of a forest are investigated when a transmitter is outside and a receiver is inside a forest. A fractal algorithm (Lindenmayer system) is used to generate the structure of coniferous or deciduous trees whose basic building blocks are arbitrarily oriented finite cylinders, thin dielectric needles, and thin dielectric disks. Attenuation and phase change of the mean field through foliage is accounted for using Foldy's approximation. Scattering of the mean field from individual tree components and their images in the underlying ground plane are computed analytically and added coherently. Since tree trunks and some branches are large compared to the wavelength and may be in the close proximity of the receiver, a closed-form and uniform expression for the scattered near-field from dielectric cylinders is also developed. Monte Carlo simulation of field calculation is applied to a cluster of trees in order to estimate the statistics of the channel parameters, such as the probability density function (pdf) of the polarization state of the transmitted field, path loss, and the incoherent scattered power (the second moment of the scattered field), as a function of the observation point above the ground. |
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| AbstractList | The attenuation, depolarization, and fluctuation of a microwave signal going through a tree canopy are investigated by developing a Monte Carlo based coherent scattering model. In particular, the model is used to analyze the performance of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers under tree canopies. Also the frequency and time-domain channel characteristics of a forest are investigated when a transmitter is outside and a receiver is inside a forest. A fractal algorithm (Lindenmayer system) is used to generate the structure of coniferous or deciduous trees whose basic building blocks are arbitrarily oriented finite cylinders, thin dielectric needles, and thin dielectric disks. Attenuation and phase change of the mean field through foliage is accounted for using Foldy's approximation. Scattering of the mean field from individual tree components and their images in the underlying ground plane are computed analytically and added coherently. Since tree trunks and some branches are large compared to the wavelength and may be in the close proximity of the receiver, a closed-form and uniform expression for the scattered near-field from dielectric cylinders is also developed. Monte Carlo simulation of field calculation is applied to a cluster of trees in order to estimate the statistics of the channel parameters, such as the probability density function (pdf) of the polarization state of the transmitted field, path loss, and the incoherent scattered power (the second moment of the scattered field), as a function of the observation point above the ground The attenuation, depolarization, and fluctuation of a microwave signal going through a tree canopy are investigated by developing a Monte Carlo based coherent scattering model. In particular, the model is used to analyze the performance of GPS receivers under tree canopies. Also, the frequency and time-domain channel characteristics of a forest are investigated when a transmitter is outside and a receiver is inside a forest. A fractal algorithm (Lindenmayer system) is used to generate the structure of coniferous or deciduous trees whose basic building blocks are arbitrarily oriented finite cylinders, thin dielectric needles, and thin dielectric disks. Attenuation and phase change of the mean field through foliage is accounted for using Foldy's approximation. Scattering of the mean field from individual tree components and their images in the underlying ground plane are computed analytically and added coherently. Since tree trunks and some branches are large compared to the wavelength and may be in the close proximity of the receiver, a closed-form and uniform expression for the scattered near-field from dielectric cylinders is also developed. Monte Carlo simulation of field calculation is applied to a cluster of trees in order to estimate the statistics of the channel parameters, such as the pdf of the polarization state of the transmitted field, path loss, and the incoherent scattered power (the second moment of the scattered field), as a function of the observation point above the ground. (Author) Scattering of the mean field from individual tree components and their images in the underlying ground plane are computed analytically and added coherently. Since tree trunks and some branches are large compared to the wavelength and may be in the close proximity of the receiver, a closed-form and uniform expression for the scattered near-field from dielectric cylinders is also developed. The attenuation, depolarization, and fluctuation of a microwave signal going through a tree canopy are investigated by developing a Monte Carlo based coherent scattering model. In particular, the model is used to analyze the performance of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers under tree canopies. Also the frequency and time-domain channel characteristics of a forest are investigated when a transmitter is outside and a receiver is inside a forest. A fractal algorithm (Lindenmayer system) is used to generate the structure of coniferous or deciduous trees whose basic building blocks are arbitrarily oriented finite cylinders, thin dielectric needles, and thin dielectric disks. Attenuation and phase change of the mean field through foliage is accounted for using Foldy's approximation. Scattering of the mean field from individual tree components and their images in the underlying ground plane are computed analytically and added coherently. Since tree trunks and some branches are large compared to the wavelength and may be in the close proximity of the receiver, a closed-form and uniform expression for the scattered near-field from dielectric cylinders is also developed. Monte Carlo simulation of field calculation is applied to a cluster of trees in order to estimate the statistics of the channel parameters, such as the probability density function (pdf) of the polarization state of the transmitted field, path loss, and the incoherent scattered power (the second moment of the scattered field), as a function of the observation point above the ground. |
| Author | Sarabandi, K. Il-Suek Koh |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1109/8.997979 10.1109/8.220978 10.1109/36.7711 10.1109/9780470544648 10.1109/36.739083 10.1109/TAP.1967.1139054 10.1103/PhysRev.67.107 10.1139/p65-114 10.1109/9780470546307 10.1109/JPROC.1999.736338 10.1063/1.326257 10.1109/8.914293 |
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| Snippet | The attenuation, depolarization, and fluctuation of a microwave signal going through a tree canopy are investigated by developing a Monte Carlo based coherent... Scattering of the mean field from individual tree components and their images in the underlying ground plane are computed analytically and added coherently.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Attenuation Computer simulation Dielectrics Fluctuations Frequency Global Positioning System Mathematical analysis Mathematical models Monte Carlo methods Monte Carlo simulation Performance analysis Receivers Satellite navigation systems Scattering parameters Studies Time domain analysis Transmitters Trees |
| Title | Polarimetric channel characterization of foliage for performance assessment of GPS receivers under tree canopies |
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