Soil Water Status Monitoring System with Proximal Low-Cost Sensors and LoRa Technology for Smart Water Irrigation in Woody Crops

Weather and soil water dictate farm operations such as irrigation scheduling. Low-cost and open-source agricultural monitoring stations are an emerging alternative to commercially available monitoring stations because they are often built from components using open-source, do-it-yourself (DIY) platf...

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Vydáno v:	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Ročník 24; číslo 24; s. 8104
Hlavní autoři:	Dafonte, Jorge, González, Miguel Ángel, Comesaña, Enrique, Teijeiro, María Teresa, Cancela, Javier J.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Switzerland MDPI AG 01.12.2024
Témata:	Agricultural industry Agricultural production agricultural water management Agriculture Arduino IDE Communication Data encryption Data transmission Economic aspects Efficiency Energy consumption Environmental conditions ESP32 Humidity Internet of Things Irrigation LoRa Radio frequency Sensors smart agriculture Soil moisture Spread spectrum Technology Vineyards Water Wineries & vineyards United States China Spain ESP32 Arduino IDE soil moisture smart agriculture agricultural water management LoRa
ISSN:	1424-8220, 1424-8220
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Abstract	Weather and soil water dictate farm operations such as irrigation scheduling. Low-cost and open-source agricultural monitoring stations are an emerging alternative to commercially available monitoring stations because they are often built from components using open-source, do-it-yourself (DIY) platforms and technologies. For irrigation management in an experimental vineyard located in Quiroga (Lugo, Spain), we faced the challenge of installing a low-cost environmental and soil parameter monitoring station composed of several nodes measuring air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, soil matric potential, and soil water content. Commercial solutions were either too expensive or did not meet our needs. This challenge led us to design the low-cost sensor system that fulfilled our requirements. This node is based on the ESP32 chip, and communication between the nodes and the gateway is carried out by LoRa technology. The gateway is also based on the ESP32 chip. The gateway uploads the data to an FTP server using a Wi-Fi connection with a 4G router while simultaneously storing the data on a memory card. The programming of the code for the nodes and the gateway is performed using the Arduino IDE. The equipment developed is proven to be effective and for managing vineyard irrigation based on the built-in sensors, with replicable results. It is, however, essential to calibrate the capacitive sensors for measuring soil water content in each soil type in order to enhance their ability to produce reliable results. In addition, the limits marking the beginning and end of irrigation tasks must be adjusted to local conditions and according to the producer’s specific vineyard objectives.
AbstractList	Weather and soil water dictate farm operations such as irrigation scheduling. Low-cost and open-source agricultural monitoring stations are an emerging alternative to commercially available monitoring stations because they are often built from components using open-source, do-it-yourself (DIY) platforms and technologies. For irrigation management in an experimental vineyard located in Quiroga (Lugo, Spain), we faced the challenge of installing a low-cost environmental and soil parameter monitoring station composed of several nodes measuring air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, soil matric potential, and soil water content. Commercial solutions were either too expensive or did not meet our needs. This challenge led us to design the low-cost sensor system that fulfilled our requirements. This node is based on the ESP32 chip, and communication between the nodes and the gateway is carried out by LoRa technology. The gateway is also based on the ESP32 chip. The gateway uploads the data to an FTP server using a Wi-Fi connection with a 4G router while simultaneously storing the data on a memory card. The programming of the code for the nodes and the gateway is performed using the Arduino IDE. The equipment developed is proven to be effective and for managing vineyard irrigation based on the built-in sensors, with replicable results. It is, however, essential to calibrate the capacitive sensors for measuring soil water content in each soil type in order to enhance their ability to produce reliable results. In addition, the limits marking the beginning and end of irrigation tasks must be adjusted to local conditions and according to the producer's specific vineyard objectives. Weather and soil water dictate farm operations such as irrigation scheduling. Low-cost and open-source agricultural monitoring stations are an emerging alternative to commercially available monitoring stations because they are often built from components using open-source, do-it-yourself (DIY) platforms and technologies. For irrigation management in an experimental vineyard located in Quiroga (Lugo, Spain), we faced the challenge of installing a low-cost environmental and soil parameter monitoring station composed of several nodes measuring air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, soil matric potential, and soil water content. Commercial solutions were either too expensive or did not meet our needs. This challenge led us to design the low-cost sensor system that fulfilled our requirements. This node is based on the ESP32 chip, and communication between the nodes and the gateway is carried out by LoRa technology. The gateway is also based on the ESP32 chip. The gateway uploads the data to an FTP server using a Wi-Fi connection with a 4G router while simultaneously storing the data on a memory card. The programming of the code for the nodes and the gateway is performed using the Arduino IDE. The equipment developed is proven to be effective and for managing vineyard irrigation based on the built-in sensors, with replicable results. It is, however, essential to calibrate the capacitive sensors for measuring soil water content in each soil type in order to enhance their ability to produce reliable results. In addition, the limits marking the beginning and end of irrigation tasks must be adjusted to local conditions and according to the producer's specific vineyard objectives.Weather and soil water dictate farm operations such as irrigation scheduling. Low-cost and open-source agricultural monitoring stations are an emerging alternative to commercially available monitoring stations because they are often built from components using open-source, do-it-yourself (DIY) platforms and technologies. For irrigation management in an experimental vineyard located in Quiroga (Lugo, Spain), we faced the challenge of installing a low-cost environmental and soil parameter monitoring station composed of several nodes measuring air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, soil matric potential, and soil water content. Commercial solutions were either too expensive or did not meet our needs. This challenge led us to design the low-cost sensor system that fulfilled our requirements. This node is based on the ESP32 chip, and communication between the nodes and the gateway is carried out by LoRa technology. The gateway is also based on the ESP32 chip. The gateway uploads the data to an FTP server using a Wi-Fi connection with a 4G router while simultaneously storing the data on a memory card. The programming of the code for the nodes and the gateway is performed using the Arduino IDE. The equipment developed is proven to be effective and for managing vineyard irrigation based on the built-in sensors, with replicable results. It is, however, essential to calibrate the capacitive sensors for measuring soil water content in each soil type in order to enhance their ability to produce reliable results. In addition, the limits marking the beginning and end of irrigation tasks must be adjusted to local conditions and according to the producer's specific vineyard objectives.
Audience	Academic
Author	Dafonte, Jorge Cancela, Javier J. González, Miguel Ángel Comesaña, Enrique Teijeiro, María Teresa
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SubjectTerms	Agricultural industry Agricultural production agricultural water management Agriculture Arduino IDE Communication Data encryption Data transmission Economic aspects Efficiency Energy consumption Environmental conditions ESP32 Humidity Internet of Things Irrigation LoRa Radio frequency Sensors smart agriculture Soil moisture Spread spectrum Technology Vineyards Water Wineries & vineyards
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Title	Soil Water Status Monitoring System with Proximal Low-Cost Sensors and LoRa Technology for Smart Water Irrigation in Woody Crops
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