Oxidative Conversion of Polyethylene Towards Di‐Carboxylic Acids: A Multi‐Analytical Approach

To reduce the pressure on the environment created by the increasing amount of plastic waste, the need to develop suitable plastic recycling methods has become more evident. However, the chemical recycling toolbox for polyethylene (PE), the most abundant type of plastic waste, remains underdeveloped....

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Veröffentlicht in:ChemSusChem Jg. 17; H. 7; S. e202301198 - n/a
Hauptverfasser: Smak, Tom J., Peinder, Peter, Van der Waal, Jan C., Altink, Rinke, Vollmer, Ina, Weckhuysen, Bert M.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Germany Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 08.04.2024
Schlagworte:
Acids
aerobic oxidation
Carboxylic acids
Catalytic converters
chemical recycling
Chromatography
Crosslinking
di-carboxylic acids
Esterification
Esters
Flame ionization
Gas chromatography
Ketones
Lactones
Mass spectrometry
Mathematical analysis
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Polyethylene
Polyethylenes
Qualitative analysis
Reaction products
Recycling
spectroscopy
chemical recycling
aerobic oxidation
spectroscopy
di-carboxylic acids
polyethylene
ISSN:1864-5631, 1864-564X, 1864-564X
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Abstract To reduce the pressure on the environment created by the increasing amount of plastic waste, the need to develop suitable plastic recycling methods has become more evident. However, the chemical recycling toolbox for polyethylene (PE), the most abundant type of plastic waste, remains underdeveloped. In this work, analytical methods were developed to explore the possibility to oxidatively convert PE into di‐carboxylic acids as reaction products. A multi‐analytical approach including gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection, several (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance methods as well as in‐situ transmission infrared spectroscopy was used. This led to a thorough qualitative and quantitative analysis on the product mixture, which extends and clarifies the existing literature. Without a catalyst (thermally) already up to 7 mol % di‐carboxylic acids can be formed. Furthermore, it was found that the majority of the oxidized functionalities are carboxylic acids, (methyl) ketones, γ‐lactones, γ‐ketones and esters. An intra‐molecular hydrogen shift seemed key in the cleavage step and the formation of late‐stage side products. In addition, crosslinking reactions due to esterification reactions seem to limit the di‐carboxylic acid yield. Therefore, these two handles can be taken into account to study and design similar (catalytic) systems for the oxidative conversion of plastic waste. The direct conversion of polyethylene towards di‐carboxylic acids with di‐oxygen as oxidant in the absence of any catalyst has been studied with the aim to provide new mechanistic insights. Using a combination of GC, NMR and IR, a thorough product analysis was performed. This multi‐analytical approach gave new mechanistic insights and provides new handles to study and design similar (catalytic) systems for the conversion of plastic waste.
AbstractList To reduce the pressure on the environment created by the increasing amount of plastic waste, the need to develop suitable plastic recycling methods has become more evident. However, the chemical recycling toolbox for polyethylene (PE), the most abundant type of plastic waste, remains underdeveloped. In this work, analytical methods were developed to explore the possibility to oxidatively convert PE into di‐carboxylic acids as reaction products. A multi‐analytical approach including gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection, several (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance methods as well as in‐situ transmission infrared spectroscopy was used. This led to a thorough qualitative and quantitative analysis on the product mixture, which extends and clarifies the existing literature. Without a catalyst (thermally) already up to 7 mol % di‐carboxylic acids can be formed. Furthermore, it was found that the majority of the oxidized functionalities are carboxylic acids, (methyl) ketones, γ‐lactones, γ‐ketones and esters. An intra‐molecular hydrogen shift seemed key in the cleavage step and the formation of late‐stage side products. In addition, crosslinking reactions due to esterification reactions seem to limit the di‐carboxylic acid yield. Therefore, these two handles can be taken into account to study and design similar (catalytic) systems for the oxidative conversion of plastic waste.
To reduce the pressure on the environment created by the increasing amount of plastic waste, the need to develop suitable plastic recycling methods has become more evident. However, the chemical recycling toolbox for polyethylene (PE), the most abundant type of plastic waste, remains underdeveloped. In this work, analytical methods were developed to explore the possibility to oxidatively convert PE into di‐carboxylic acids as reaction products. A multi‐analytical approach including gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection, several (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance methods as well as in‐situ transmission infrared spectroscopy was used. This led to a thorough qualitative and quantitative analysis on the product mixture, which extends and clarifies the existing literature. Without a catalyst (thermally) already up to 7 mol % di‐carboxylic acids can be formed. Furthermore, it was found that the majority of the oxidized functionalities are carboxylic acids, (methyl) ketones, γ‐lactones, γ‐ketones and esters. An intra‐molecular hydrogen shift seemed key in the cleavage step and the formation of late‐stage side products. In addition, crosslinking reactions due to esterification reactions seem to limit the di‐carboxylic acid yield. Therefore, these two handles can be taken into account to study and design similar (catalytic) systems for the oxidative conversion of plastic waste. The direct conversion of polyethylene towards di‐carboxylic acids with di‐oxygen as oxidant in the absence of any catalyst has been studied with the aim to provide new mechanistic insights. Using a combination of GC, NMR and IR, a thorough product analysis was performed. This multi‐analytical approach gave new mechanistic insights and provides new handles to study and design similar (catalytic) systems for the conversion of plastic waste.
To reduce the pressure on the environment created by the increasing amount of plastic waste, the need to develop suitable plastic recycling methods has become more evident. However, the chemical recycling toolbox for polyethylene (PE), the most abundant type of plastic waste, remains underdeveloped. In this work, analytical methods were developed to explore the possibility to oxidatively convert PE into di-carboxylic acids as reaction products. A multi-analytical approach including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, several (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance methods as well as in-situ transmission infrared spectroscopy was used. This led to a thorough qualitative and quantitative analysis on the product mixture, which extends and clarifies the existing literature. Without a catalyst (thermally) already up to 7 mol % di-carboxylic acids can be formed. Furthermore, it was found that the majority of the oxidized functionalities are carboxylic acids, (methyl) ketones, γ-lactones, γ-ketones and esters. An intra-molecular hydrogen shift seemed key in the cleavage step and the formation of late-stage side products. In addition, crosslinking reactions due to esterification reactions seem to limit the di-carboxylic acid yield. Therefore, these two handles can be taken into account to study and design similar (catalytic) systems for the oxidative conversion of plastic waste.To reduce the pressure on the environment created by the increasing amount of plastic waste, the need to develop suitable plastic recycling methods has become more evident. However, the chemical recycling toolbox for polyethylene (PE), the most abundant type of plastic waste, remains underdeveloped. In this work, analytical methods were developed to explore the possibility to oxidatively convert PE into di-carboxylic acids as reaction products. A multi-analytical approach including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, several (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance methods as well as in-situ transmission infrared spectroscopy was used. This led to a thorough qualitative and quantitative analysis on the product mixture, which extends and clarifies the existing literature. Without a catalyst (thermally) already up to 7 mol % di-carboxylic acids can be formed. Furthermore, it was found that the majority of the oxidized functionalities are carboxylic acids, (methyl) ketones, γ-lactones, γ-ketones and esters. An intra-molecular hydrogen shift seemed key in the cleavage step and the formation of late-stage side products. In addition, crosslinking reactions due to esterification reactions seem to limit the di-carboxylic acid yield. Therefore, these two handles can be taken into account to study and design similar (catalytic) systems for the oxidative conversion of plastic waste.
Author Weckhuysen, Bert M.
Vollmer, Ina
Van der Waal, Jan C.
Smak, Tom J.
Peinder, Peter
Altink, Rinke
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Issue 7
Keywords chemical recycling
aerobic oxidation
spectroscopy
di-carboxylic acids
polyethylene
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Snippet To reduce the pressure on the environment created by the increasing amount of plastic waste, the need to develop suitable plastic recycling methods has become...
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StartPage e202301198
SubjectTerms Acids
aerobic oxidation
Carboxylic acids
Catalytic converters
chemical recycling
Chromatography
Crosslinking
di-carboxylic acids
Esterification
Esters
Flame ionization
Gas chromatography
Ketones
Lactones
Mass spectrometry
Mathematical analysis
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Polyethylene
Polyethylenes
Qualitative analysis
Reaction products
Recycling
spectroscopy
Title Oxidative Conversion of Polyethylene Towards Di‐Carboxylic Acids: A Multi‐Analytical Approach
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fcssc.202301198
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38009265
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3034639739
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2894361642
Volume 17
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