Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues in arable soils of the Czech Republic

Currently used pesticides (CUPs) represent one of the largest intentional inputs of potentially hazardous compounds into agricultural soils. Subsequently, pesticide residues (PRs) and their transformation products (TPs) persist in agricultural soils, occurring in diverse mixtures of compounds in var...

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Published in:	Chemosphere (Oxford) Vol. 216; pp. 479 - 487
Main Authors:	Vašíčková, Jana, Hvězdová, Martina, Kosubová, Petra, Hofman, Jakub
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2019
Subjects:	agricultural soils agroecosystems arable soils carbendazim chronic toxicity Concentration addition Czech Republic difenoconazole Ecological risk assessment ecotoxicology environmental assessment growing season invertebrates microorganisms Mixtures pesticide mixtures pesticide residues Pesticide Residues - analysis Pesticide Residues - chemistry Pesticides - analysis Pesticides - chemistry Pesticides residues risk Risk Assessment risk management Soil Soil - chemistry terbuthylazine toxic substances trophic levels Czech Republic Pesticides residues Soil Mixtures Concentration addition Ecological risk assessment
ISSN:	0045-6535, 1879-1298, 1879-1298
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Abstract	Currently used pesticides (CUPs) represent one of the largest intentional inputs of potentially hazardous compounds into agricultural soils. Subsequently, pesticide residues (PRs) and their transformation products (TPs) persist in agricultural soils, occurring in diverse mixtures of compounds in various concentrations. In this study, measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CUP residues and TPs, originated from previous growing seasons in agricultural soils of the Czech Republic, were used to characterize the environmental risk for agroecosystems. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) were calculated using predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) and MECs in order to identify single pesticide residues risk to in-soil invertebrates and microorganisms. Ecological risk assessment (ERA) for the mixtures of pesticide residues at each monitored site was assessed using a risk quotient (RQ) method and considering concentration addition among components in the mixtures. The compilation of ecotoxicity data to derived PNECs for in-soil organisms clearly showed data gaps mainly for triazine and chloroacetanilide TPs. In addition, chronic toxicity data for in-soil invertebrates at different trophic levels are not available for 30% of monitored CUPs. The ERA revealed that pesticide residues in soil pose a risk at 35% of the sites (RQ ≥ 1). Among measured pesticides, epoxiconazole, atrazine-2-hydroxy, carbendazim, dimoxystrobin, terbuthylazine and difenoconazole were the main contributors to the overall pesticide mixture toxicity. The measured levels of epoxiconazole together with the frequent presence in soils represent a risk for the agroecosystems. Further assessment of higher tiers of ERA should be considered and prioritized in the pesticides risk management. •The ecological risk assessment of pesticides residues in soil was assessed.•Chronic data are not available for 30% of pesticides and transformation products.•Pesticide residues in soil pose a risk at 35% of the sites.•Triazines and conazole fungicides are main contributors to mixture toxicity at sites.•The levels of epoxiconazole represent a risk and a further assessment should be done.
AbstractList	Currently used pesticides (CUPs) represent one of the largest intentional inputs of potentially hazardous compounds into agricultural soils. Subsequently, pesticide residues (PRs) and their transformation products (TPs) persist in agricultural soils, occurring in diverse mixtures of compounds in various concentrations. In this study, measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CUP residues and TPs, originated from previous growing seasons in agricultural soils of the Czech Republic, were used to characterize the environmental risk for agroecosystems. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) were calculated using predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) and MECs in order to identify single pesticide residues risk to in-soil invertebrates and microorganisms. Ecological risk assessment (ERA) for the mixtures of pesticide residues at each monitored site was assessed using a risk quotient (RQ) method and considering concentration addition among components in the mixtures. The compilation of ecotoxicity data to derived PNECs for in-soil organisms clearly showed data gaps mainly for triazine and chloroacetanilide TPs. In addition, chronic toxicity data for in-soil invertebrates at different trophic levels are not available for 30% of monitored CUPs. The ERA revealed that pesticide residues in soil pose a risk at 35% of the sites (RQ ≥ 1). Among measured pesticides, epoxiconazole, atrazine-2-hydroxy, carbendazim, dimoxystrobin, terbuthylazine and difenoconazole were the main contributors to the overall pesticide mixture toxicity. The measured levels of epoxiconazole together with the frequent presence in soils represent a risk for the agroecosystems. Further assessment of higher tiers of ERA should be considered and prioritized in the pesticides risk management. •The ecological risk assessment of pesticides residues in soil was assessed.•Chronic data are not available for 30% of pesticides and transformation products.•Pesticide residues in soil pose a risk at 35% of the sites.•Triazines and conazole fungicides are main contributors to mixture toxicity at sites.•The levels of epoxiconazole represent a risk and a further assessment should be done. Currently used pesticides (CUPs) represent one of the largest intentional inputs of potentially hazardous compounds into agricultural soils. Subsequently, pesticide residues (PRs) and their transformation products (TPs) persist in agricultural soils, occurring in diverse mixtures of compounds in various concentrations. In this study, measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CUP residues and TPs, originated from previous growing seasons in agricultural soils of the Czech Republic, were used to characterize the environmental risk for agroecosystems. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) were calculated using predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) and MECs in order to identify single pesticide residues risk to in-soil invertebrates and microorganisms. Ecological risk assessment (ERA) for the mixtures of pesticide residues at each monitored site was assessed using a risk quotient (RQ) method and considering concentration addition among components in the mixtures. The compilation of ecotoxicity data to derived PNECs for in-soil organisms clearly showed data gaps mainly for triazine and chloroacetanilide TPs. In addition, chronic toxicity data for in-soil invertebrates at different trophic levels are not available for 30% of monitored CUPs. The ERA revealed that pesticide residues in soil pose a risk at 35% of the sites (RQ ≥ 1). Among measured pesticides, epoxiconazole, atrazine-2-hydroxy, carbendazim, dimoxystrobin, terbuthylazine and difenoconazole were the main contributors to the overall pesticide mixture toxicity. The measured levels of epoxiconazole together with the frequent presence in soils represent a risk for the agroecosystems. Further assessment of higher tiers of ERA should be considered and prioritized in the pesticides risk management.Currently used pesticides (CUPs) represent one of the largest intentional inputs of potentially hazardous compounds into agricultural soils. Subsequently, pesticide residues (PRs) and their transformation products (TPs) persist in agricultural soils, occurring in diverse mixtures of compounds in various concentrations. In this study, measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CUP residues and TPs, originated from previous growing seasons in agricultural soils of the Czech Republic, were used to characterize the environmental risk for agroecosystems. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) were calculated using predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) and MECs in order to identify single pesticide residues risk to in-soil invertebrates and microorganisms. Ecological risk assessment (ERA) for the mixtures of pesticide residues at each monitored site was assessed using a risk quotient (RQ) method and considering concentration addition among components in the mixtures. The compilation of ecotoxicity data to derived PNECs for in-soil organisms clearly showed data gaps mainly for triazine and chloroacetanilide TPs. In addition, chronic toxicity data for in-soil invertebrates at different trophic levels are not available for 30% of monitored CUPs. The ERA revealed that pesticide residues in soil pose a risk at 35% of the sites (RQ ≥ 1). Among measured pesticides, epoxiconazole, atrazine-2-hydroxy, carbendazim, dimoxystrobin, terbuthylazine and difenoconazole were the main contributors to the overall pesticide mixture toxicity. The measured levels of epoxiconazole together with the frequent presence in soils represent a risk for the agroecosystems. Further assessment of higher tiers of ERA should be considered and prioritized in the pesticides risk management. Currently used pesticides (CUPs) represent one of the largest intentional inputs of potentially hazardous compounds into agricultural soils. Subsequently, pesticide residues (PRs) and their transformation products (TPs) persist in agricultural soils, occurring in diverse mixtures of compounds in various concentrations. In this study, measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CUP residues and TPs, originated from previous growing seasons in agricultural soils of the Czech Republic, were used to characterize the environmental risk for agroecosystems. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) were calculated using predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) and MECs in order to identify single pesticide residues risk to in-soil invertebrates and microorganisms. Ecological risk assessment (ERA) for the mixtures of pesticide residues at each monitored site was assessed using a risk quotient (RQ) method and considering concentration addition among components in the mixtures. The compilation of ecotoxicity data to derived PNECs for in-soil organisms clearly showed data gaps mainly for triazine and chloroacetanilide TPs. In addition, chronic toxicity data for in-soil invertebrates at different trophic levels are not available for 30% of monitored CUPs. The ERA revealed that pesticide residues in soil pose a risk at 35% of the sites (RQ ≥ 1). Among measured pesticides, epoxiconazole, atrazine-2-hydroxy, carbendazim, dimoxystrobin, terbuthylazine and difenoconazole were the main contributors to the overall pesticide mixture toxicity. The measured levels of epoxiconazole together with the frequent presence in soils represent a risk for the agroecosystems. Further assessment of higher tiers of ERA should be considered and prioritized in the pesticides risk management.
Author	Hofman, Jakub Vašíčková, Jana Hvězdová, Martina Kosubová, Petra
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jana surname: Vašíčková fullname: Vašíčková, Jana organization: Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic – sequence: 2 givenname: Martina surname: Hvězdová fullname: Hvězdová, Martina organization: Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic – sequence: 3 givenname: Petra surname: Kosubová fullname: Kosubová, Petra email: petra.kosubova@ukzuz.cz organization: Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznová 2, Brno, 656 06, Czech Republic – sequence: 4 givenname: Jakub surname: Hofman fullname: Hofman, Jakub email: hofman@recetox.muni.cz organization: Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
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SubjectTerms	agricultural soils agroecosystems arable soils carbendazim chronic toxicity Concentration addition Czech Republic difenoconazole Ecological risk assessment ecotoxicology environmental assessment growing season invertebrates microorganisms Mixtures pesticide mixtures pesticide residues Pesticide Residues - analysis Pesticide Residues - chemistry Pesticides - analysis Pesticides - chemistry Pesticides residues risk Risk Assessment risk management Soil Soil - chemistry terbuthylazine toxic substances trophic levels
Title	Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues in arable soils of the Czech Republic
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