Process evaluation of integrated West Nile virus surveillance in northern Italy: an example of a One Health approach in public health policy

•West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans and animal hosts is spreading in Europe.•WNV surveillance benefits from interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral collaboration.•Cross-sectoral surveillance systems can be evaluated using process evaluation.•Process evaluation is key for design and improvement of c...

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Vydáno v:	Evaluation and program planning Ročník 89; s. 101991
Hlavní autoři:	Marchino, Monica, Paternoster, Giulia, Favretto, Anna Rosa, Balduzzi, Giacomo, Berezowski, John, Tomassone, Laura
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	England Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2021 Elsevier Science Ltd
Témata:	Animal human relations Animals Collaboration Communities of Practice Data Environmental health Epidemiology Evaluation Fidelity Focus groups Formative Evaluation Health authorities Health care policy Health Policy Health surveillance Humans Information dissemination Interdisciplinary aspects Interdisciplinary research Italy - epidemiology One Health Population Surveillance Process evaluation Program Evaluation Public health Regional health authorities Regions Research Methodology Surveillance Surveillance system evaluation Surveillance systems Vector-borne diseases Viruses West Nile Fever - epidemiology West Nile Fever - prevention & control West Nile Virus Italy Surveillance system evaluation West Nile Virus Surveillance Process evaluation One Health
ISSN:	0149-7189, 1873-7870, 1873-7870
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Abstract	•West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans and animal hosts is spreading in Europe.•WNV surveillance benefits from interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral collaboration.•Cross-sectoral surveillance systems can be evaluated using process evaluation.•Process evaluation is key for design and improvement of cross-sectorial surveillance. West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic in the Po valley area in northern Italy. Regional health authorities have implemented integrated WNV surveillance following a One Health approach, based on collaboration between human, animal and environmental health institutions. We evaluated this integrated WNV surveillance system in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Piedmont regions by means of a process evaluation. We examined the system’s implementation fidelity, dose delivered and received, reach, and we identified strengths and weaknesses in the system. Qualitative and semi-quantitative data were obtained from three regional focus groups. Data were discussed in a follow up focus group, where participants suggested recommendations for improving the surveillance system. Inter-institutional and interdisciplinary integration and the creation of a 'community of practice' were identified as key elements for effective surveillance. We identified differences in the degree of interdisciplinary integration in the three regions, likely due to different epidemiological situations and years of experience in surveillance implementation. Greater collaboration and sharing of information, public engagement and economic assessments of the integrated surveillance approach would facilitate its social recognition and guarantee its sustainability through dedicated funding. We demonstrate that a transdisciplinary research approach based on process evaluation has value for designing and fine-tuning integrated health surveillance systems.
AbstractList	West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic in the Po valley area in northern Italy. Regional health authorities have implemented integrated WNV surveillance following a One Health approach, based on collaboration between human, animal and environmental health institutions. We evaluated this integrated WNV surveillance system in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Piedmont regions by means of a process evaluation. We examined the system's implementation fidelity, dose delivered and received, reach, and we identified strengths and weaknesses in the system. Qualitative and semi-quantitative data were obtained from three regional focus groups. Data were discussed in a follow up focus group, where participants suggested recommendations for improving the surveillance system. Inter-institutional and interdisciplinary integration and the creation of a 'community of practice' were identified as key elements for effective surveillance. We identified differences in the degree of interdisciplinary integration in the three regions, likely due to different epidemiological situations and years of experience in surveillance implementation. Greater collaboration and sharing of information, public engagement and economic assessments of the integrated surveillance approach would facilitate its social recognition and guarantee its sustainability through dedicated funding. We demonstrate that a transdisciplinary research approach based on process evaluation has value for designing and fine-tuning integrated health surveillance systems.West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic in the Po valley area in northern Italy. Regional health authorities have implemented integrated WNV surveillance following a One Health approach, based on collaboration between human, animal and environmental health institutions. We evaluated this integrated WNV surveillance system in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Piedmont regions by means of a process evaluation. We examined the system's implementation fidelity, dose delivered and received, reach, and we identified strengths and weaknesses in the system. Qualitative and semi-quantitative data were obtained from three regional focus groups. Data were discussed in a follow up focus group, where participants suggested recommendations for improving the surveillance system. Inter-institutional and interdisciplinary integration and the creation of a 'community of practice' were identified as key elements for effective surveillance. We identified differences in the degree of interdisciplinary integration in the three regions, likely due to different epidemiological situations and years of experience in surveillance implementation. Greater collaboration and sharing of information, public engagement and economic assessments of the integrated surveillance approach would facilitate its social recognition and guarantee its sustainability through dedicated funding. We demonstrate that a transdisciplinary research approach based on process evaluation has value for designing and fine-tuning integrated health surveillance systems. West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic in the Po valley area in northern Italy. Regional health authorities have implemented integrated WNV surveillance following a One Health approach, based on collaboration between human, animal and environmental health institutions. We evaluated this integrated WNV surveillance system in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Piedmont regions by means of a process evaluation. We examined the system's implementation fidelity, dose delivered and received, reach, and we identified strengths and weaknesses in the system. Qualitative and semi-quantitative data were obtained from three regional focus groups. Data were discussed in a follow up focus group, where participants suggested recommendations for improving the surveillance system. Inter-institutional and interdisciplinary integration and the creation of a 'community of practice' were identified as key elements for effective surveillance. We identified differences in the degree of interdisciplinary integration in the three regions, likely due to different epidemiological situations and years of experience in surveillance implementation. Greater collaboration and sharing of information, public engagement and economic assessments of the integrated surveillance approach would facilitate its social recognition and guarantee its sustainability through dedicated funding. We demonstrate that a transdisciplinary research approach based on process evaluation has value for designing and fine-tuning integrated health surveillance systems. •West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans and animal hosts is spreading in Europe.•WNV surveillance benefits from interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral collaboration.•Cross-sectoral surveillance systems can be evaluated using process evaluation.•Process evaluation is key for design and improvement of cross-sectorial surveillance. West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic in the Po valley area in northern Italy. Regional health authorities have implemented integrated WNV surveillance following a One Health approach, based on collaboration between human, animal and environmental health institutions. We evaluated this integrated WNV surveillance system in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Piedmont regions by means of a process evaluation. We examined the system’s implementation fidelity, dose delivered and received, reach, and we identified strengths and weaknesses in the system. Qualitative and semi-quantitative data were obtained from three regional focus groups. Data were discussed in a follow up focus group, where participants suggested recommendations for improving the surveillance system. Inter-institutional and interdisciplinary integration and the creation of a 'community of practice' were identified as key elements for effective surveillance. We identified differences in the degree of interdisciplinary integration in the three regions, likely due to different epidemiological situations and years of experience in surveillance implementation. Greater collaboration and sharing of information, public engagement and economic assessments of the integrated surveillance approach would facilitate its social recognition and guarantee its sustainability through dedicated funding. We demonstrate that a transdisciplinary research approach based on process evaluation has value for designing and fine-tuning integrated health surveillance systems.
ArticleNumber	101991
Author	Berezowski, John Tomassone, Laura Marchino, Monica Paternoster, Giulia Favretto, Anna Rosa Balduzzi, Giacomo
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Monica orcidid: 0000-0002-0431-6462 surname: Marchino fullname: Marchino, Monica email: monica.marchino@edu.unito.it organization: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10050, Grugliasco, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Giulia surname: Paternoster fullname: Paternoster, Giulia email: giulia.paternoster@uzh.ch organization: Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland – sequence: 3 givenname: Anna Rosa surname: Favretto fullname: Favretto, Anna Rosa email: favretto@asie.it organization: Department of Jurisprudence and Political, Economic and Social Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Cavour 84, 15121, Alessandria, Italy – sequence: 4 givenname: Giacomo surname: Balduzzi fullname: Balduzzi, Giacomo email: giacomo.balduzzi@uniupo.it organization: Department of Jurisprudence and Political, Economic and Social Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Cavour 84, 15121, Alessandria, Italy – sequence: 5 givenname: John surname: Berezowski fullname: Berezowski, John email: john.berezowski@sruc.ac.uk organization: Scotland’s Rural College, 10 Inverness Campus, IV2 5NA, Inverness, UK – sequence: 6 givenname: Laura orcidid: 0000-0003-2201-8802 surname: Tomassone fullname: Tomassone, Laura email: laura.tomassone@unito.it organization: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10050, Grugliasco, Italy – sequence: 6 givenname: Laura surname: Tomassone fullname: Tomassone, Laura email: laura.tomassone@unito.it organization: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10050, Grugliasco, Italy
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CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pclm_0000129 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_onehlt_2025_101115 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pntd_0012162 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_onehlt_2025_101008 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph191710561
Cites_doi	10.1177/1524839904273387 10.3389/fvets.2020.00243 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042 10.3389/fvets.2018.00023 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173 10.1037/h0041627 10.1371/journal.pone.0188156 10.1111/tbed.12375 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00236 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.09.001 10.1089/vbz.2015.1851 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01501.x 10.1093/femsle/fny085
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Contributor	Berezowski, John Tomassone, Laura
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Copyright	2021 Elsevier Ltd Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Dec 2021
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Snippet	•West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans and animal hosts is spreading in Europe.•WNV surveillance benefits from interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral... West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic in the Po valley area in northern Italy. Regional health authorities have implemented integrated WNV surveillance following a...
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SubjectTerms	Animal human relations Animals Collaboration Communities of Practice Data Environmental health Epidemiology Evaluation Fidelity Focus groups Formative Evaluation Health authorities Health care policy Health Policy Health surveillance Humans Information dissemination Interdisciplinary aspects Interdisciplinary research Italy - epidemiology One Health Population Surveillance Process evaluation Program Evaluation Public health Regional health authorities Regions Research Methodology Surveillance Surveillance system evaluation Surveillance systems Vector-borne diseases Viruses West Nile Fever - epidemiology West Nile Fever - prevention & control West Nile Virus
Title	Process evaluation of integrated West Nile virus surveillance in northern Italy: an example of a One Health approach in public health policy
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