Three Lines of Defense for Wildfire Risk Management in Electric Power Grids: A Review

Wildfires pose a significant challenge to the natural and the built environments, as well as the safety and economic wellbeing of the communities residing in wildfire-prone areas. The electric power grid is specifically among the built environments most affected by, and contributing to, wildfires. I...

Celý popis

Uloženo v:

Podrobná bibliografie
Vydáno v:	IEEE access Ročník 9; s. 61577 - 61593
Hlavní autoři:	Arab, Ali, Khodaei, Amin, Eskandarpour, Rozhin, Thompson, Matthew P., Wei, Yu
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Piscataway IEEE 2021 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Témata:	Defense Electric power Electric power grids Electric power systems Electricity distribution Fires Literature reviews Phenomenology Power grids Power systems Resilience risk analysis Risk management Urban environments wildfire Wildfires Wind Wind speed
ISSN:	2169-3536, 2169-3536
On-line přístup:	Získat plný text
Tagy:	Přidat tag Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!

Abstract	Wildfires pose a significant challenge to the natural and the built environments, as well as the safety and economic wellbeing of the communities residing in wildfire-prone areas. The electric power grid is specifically among the built environments most affected by, and contributing to, wildfires. In this paper, we propose a three lines of defense (3LD) framework for wildfire risk management in electric power infrastructure and review the literature from this lens. An overview of the physics and phenomenology of the wildfires as it relates to power grids is presented, and the logic for the proposed 3LD framework is discussed. The reviewed literature based on the 3LD theme includes the most relevant and emerging research work on wildfire prevention as the first line of defense, wildfire mitigation and proactive response as the second line of defense, and wildfire recovery preparedness as the third line of defense. This study reveals that while the state of the art, to a large extent, stands comprehensive in various aspects of power system resilience and wildfire risk management, there is a gap in the literature in addressing this emerging risk in a holistic, interdisciplinary approach.
AbstractList	Wildfires pose a significant challenge to the natural and the built environments, as well as the safety and economic wellbeing of the communities residing in wildfire-prone areas. The electric power grid is specifically among the built environments most affected by, and contributing to, wildfires. In this paper, we propose a three lines of defense (3LD) framework for wildfire risk management in electric power infrastructure and review the literature from this lens. An overview of the physics and phenomenology of the wildfires as it relates to power grids is presented, and the logic for the proposed 3LD framework is discussed. The reviewed literature based on the 3LD theme includes the most relevant and emerging research work on wildfire prevention as the first line of defense, wildfire mitigation and proactive response as the second line of defense, and wildfire recovery preparedness as the third line of defense. This study reveals that while the state of the art, to a large extent, stands comprehensive in various aspects of power system resilience and wildfire risk management, there is a gap in the literature in addressing this emerging risk in a holistic, interdisciplinary approach.
Author	Wei, Yu Arab, Ali Khodaei, Amin Thompson, Matthew P. Eskandarpour, Rozhin
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Ali orcidid: 0000-0002-6648-5448 surname: Arab fullname: Arab, Ali email: ali.arab@du.edu organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Amin orcidid: 0000-0002-3725-400X surname: Khodaei fullname: Khodaei, Amin organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Rozhin orcidid: 0000-0001-8671-0959 surname: Eskandarpour fullname: Eskandarpour, Rozhin organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Matthew P. orcidid: 0000-0002-2322-7756 surname: Thompson fullname: Thompson, Matthew P. organization: Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Yu surname: Wei fullname: Wei, Yu organization: Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
BookMark	eNqFUU1PGzEQtRCVoDS_gIulnpN67fVXb1EIKVKqIiDiaHm9Y3C62NReGvXfs2ERqrgwlxk9zfuQ3md0GFMEhE4rMqsqor_NF4vl9fWMElrNGJF1LeUBOqaV0FPGmTj87z5Ck1K2ZBg1QFweo83NfQbA6xCh4OTxGXiIBbBPGd-GrvUhA74K5Tf-aaO9gweIPQ4RLztwfQ4OX6YdZLzKoS3f8Rxfwd8Auy_ok7ddgcnrPkGb8-XN4sd0_Wt1sZivp64mqp9SKj143gonm6ZVjfLCi0brVg6AtqAo9zVQ6yriGu6p1Exqq1zDaq84s-wEXYy6bbJb85jDg83_TLLBvAAp3xmb--A6ME4L7vc2UrS1F61WuqaeN8IyRoXYa30dtR5z-vMEpTfb9JTjEN9QXmmiaqL18MXGL5dTKRn8m2tFzL4OM9Zh9nWY1zoGln7HcqG3fUixzzZ0H3BPR24AgDc3PaQhUrFnsZ6ZVg
CODEN	IAECCG
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_2478_fman_2024_0024 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3515139 crossref_primary_10_3390_en16217256 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_energy_2022_125583 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_resource_111920_014804 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejor_2025_04_035 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pclm_0000523 crossref_primary_10_3390_en18112755 crossref_primary_10_3390_fire8030118 crossref_primary_10_3390_fire8080309 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSYST_2022_3188300 crossref_primary_10_3390_su16073047 crossref_primary_10_3389_ffgc_2025_1637263 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPWRS_2024_3353593 crossref_primary_10_1002_eap_2606 crossref_primary_10_3389_fevo_2024_1401233 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13198_024_02451_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_erss_2024_103519 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jai_2023_08_003 crossref_primary_10_1038_s44287_025_00150_0 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSG_2023_3241103 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41560_023_01306_8 crossref_primary_10_1049_gtd2_13246 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cose_2024_103708 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3439724 crossref_primary_10_1080_24725854_2021_2021461 crossref_primary_10_1109_OAJPE_2025_3590048 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gloenvcha_2025_103067
Cites_doi	10.1109/TSG.2014.2358885 10.1109/NAPS.2009.5484082 10.1109/TSG.2019.2925620 10.1073/pnas.1718850115 10.1109/TPAS.1982.317209 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.015 10.1109/PTC.2009.5282154 10.1109/61.103666 10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2571838 10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00017-0 10.1109/PES.2011.6039414 10.1109/SSRR.2009.5424143 10.1088/1757-899X/677/4/042029 10.1071/WF19084 10.1109/CPRE.2012.6201220 10.1002/etep.1768 10.1109/LGRS.2011.2177240 10.1071/WF19042 10.3390/f10040311 10.3390/challe6020282 10.1109/TSG.2016.2598802 10.1109/TSG.2015.2388736 10.1007/s00267-009-9422-5 10.1071/WF15018 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007627 10.1109/TPWRD.1987.4308114 10.1109/CITCON.2000.848515 10.1109/TCSVT.2014.2339592 10.1071/WF06144 10.1016/S0379-7112(97)00050-7 10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2236680 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2987991 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.0039 10.1080/13658816.2017.1385789 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2035128 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2523545 10.1109/TSMC.2018.2815988 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.05.035 10.1088/1748-9326/aba135 10.1007/s13349-020-00426-z 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101655 10.1007/s40725-019-00085-4 10.1007/978-981-15-0135-7 10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2193665 10.1109/TR.2016.2575445 10.1109/61.53101 10.1109/TIM.2010.2101311 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.02.006 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.020 10.1007/s11069-020-03901-4 10.1071/WF06142 10.1109/TPAS.1982.317214 10.3390/fire3020018 10.5751/ES-07848-200334 10.1007/s40725-019-00084-5 10.1071/WF16135 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.139 10.1071/WF02042 10.3390/fire3030043 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2404215 10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112975 10.1109/61.329514 10.1109/61.686968 10.1007/s40725-019-00101-7 10.1007/s40725-015-0015-7 10.1109/TSMCA.2012.2224335 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.055 10.1017/9781108564540.015 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118220 10.1109/TSG.2012.2197832 10.1109/TPWRD.2003.817818 10.1071/WF11001 10.2737/RMRS-RP-4 10.1109/TSG.2019.2899353 10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6 10.1109/28.585852 10.1080/07900627.2018.1467312 10.1088/1748-9326/ab6498 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.11.016 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2733224 10.1088/2632-2153/aba480 10.1109/61.131113 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2930095 10.1109/VTCFall.2014.6965820 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.020 10.1016/j.ejor.2005.05.016 10.1109/TPWRD.2020.2984217 10.1080/01431161.2016.1220032 10.1007/978-94-017-8598-3_2 10.1109/TDEI.2016.005492 10.1371/4f959951cce2c 10.1109/TSG.2012.2212468 10.1093/forestscience/42.3.267 10.1109/TSG.2015.2429653 10.3390/fire1020021 10.1109/TSG.2016.2605692 10.2737/RMRS-GTR-315 10.1016/j.tej.2020.106710 10.1109/JSYST.2011.2125230 10.1007/s10980-019-00832-9 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2930055 10.1109/TLA.2018.8358681 10.1007/s00477-011-0462-z 10.1016/0095-0696(89)90010-7 10.1071/WF06143 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00303.x 10.1109/ICC.2018.8422982 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2443119 10.1109/TIE.2018.2823658 10.1071/WF9930179 10.1108/20426741111158421 10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741588 10.1071/WF07123 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2894141 10.1093/jof/109.5.274 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2690996 10.1088/1748-9326/ab83a7 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101354 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0723:CCAFD]2.0.CO;2 10.1109/MAES.2016.150057 10.1109/TDEI.2017.005817 10.1109/61.193948 10.1049/cp.2013.0627 10.1115/IMECE2012-87950 10.1057/grir.2012.4 10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d3a 10.1071/WF08088 10.1109/TSG.2014.2311465 10.1109/ICUFN.2019.8806107 10.1071/WF19069 10.3390/f10100884 10.1109/61.277718 10.3390/fire2030047 10.1109/IJCNN.2016.7727265 10.3390/su11040993 10.3390/fire3030050 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2015.7436402 10.1002/rhc3.12187 10.1175/WAF-D-17-0121.1 10.1109/TIA.2018.2884927
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021
DBID	97E ESBDL RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SC 7SP 7SR 8BQ 8FD JG9 JQ2 L7M L~C L~D DOA
DOI	10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3074477
DatabaseName	IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005-present IEEE Xplore Open Access Journals IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998-Present IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) CrossRef Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Electronics & Communications Abstracts Engineered Materials Abstracts METADEX Technology Research Database Materials Research Database ProQuest Computer Science Collection Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional Open Access: DOAJ - Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Materials Research Database Engineered Materials Abstracts Technology Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic Electronics & Communications Abstracts ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace METADEX Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional
DatabaseTitleList	Materials Research Database
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: RIE name: IEEE/IET Electronic Library (IEL) (UW System Shared) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Engineering
EISSN	2169-3536
EndPage	61593
ExternalDocumentID	oai_doaj_org_article_c965f7bbd76d4f6d98942f5b6a33266a 10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3074477 9409078
Genre	orig-research
GroupedDBID	0R~ 4.4 5VS 6IK 97E AAJGR ABAZT ABVLG ACGFS ADBBV AGSQL ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BCNDV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ EBS EJD ESBDL GROUPED_DOAJ IPLJI JAVBF KQ8 M43 M~E O9- OCL OK1 RIA RIE RNS AAYXX CITATION 7SC 7SP 7SR 8BQ 8FD JG9 JQ2 L7M L~C L~D
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c408t-227fef5d6c7bbd8b8f6f6b99d7c7b9ae825f4e2ac10cb5f279379a8cb34f853a3
IEDL.DBID	DOA
ISICitedReferencesCount	39
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000645064300001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	2169-3536
IngestDate	Fri Oct 03 12:47:49 EDT 2025 Mon Jun 30 07:12:27 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 06:12:11 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:23:55 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 02:02:20 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	true
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Language	English
License	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c408t-227fef5d6c7bbd8b8f6f6b99d7c7b9ae825f4e2ac10cb5f279379a8cb34f853a3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14
ORCID	0000-0001-8671-0959 0000-0002-2322-7756 0000-0002-3725-400X 0000-0002-6648-5448
OpenAccessLink	https://doaj.org/article/c965f7bbd76d4f6d98942f5b6a33266a
PQID	2519084099
PQPubID	4845423
PageCount	17
ParticipantIDs	doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_c965f7bbd76d4f6d98942f5b6a33266a crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3074477 proquest_journals_2519084099 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3074477 ieee_primary_9409078
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	20210000 2021-00-00 20210101 2021-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2021-01-01
PublicationDate_xml	– year: 2021 text: 20210000
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	Piscataway
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Piscataway
PublicationTitle	IEEE access
PublicationTitleAbbrev	Access
PublicationYear	2021
Publisher	IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml	– name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References	ref57 ref56 ref59 ref58 ref53 ref52 ref168 broyles (ref29) 2011 ref55 ref169 ref54 (ref39) 2016 edesess (ref162) 2014; 4 calkin (ref93) 2011; 109 ref170 (ref42) 1996 ref51 ref50 ref173 ref174 ref171 ref172 ref46 ref45 ref48 ref47 mohler (ref3) 2019 ref41 ref44 perigaud (ref76) 2007 ref8 ref7 ref9 rhodes (ref102) 2020 ref100 icove (ref26) 2012 penn (ref4) 2020 ref35 finney (ref92) 2006; 41 ref34 ref37 ref36 ref31 ref148 arab (ref137) 2013 ref30 ref149 bahador (ref63) 2018; 13 ref33 ref146 ref32 ref147 ref38 (ref160) 2020 britt (ref165) 2017; 57 ref155 ref156 ref153 ref154 ref151 ref152 ref150 mitchell (ref80) 2009 ref24 ref23 ref25 ref20 ref22 ref157 ref21 ref158 (ref43) 2016 ref28 ref27 (ref166) 2018 (ref83) 2020 ref167 fried (ref108) 1996; 42 wei (ref110) 2020; 34 ref164 ref163 ref161 ref13 ref12 ref128 ref15 ref129 ref14 ref126 ref97 ref127 ref96 ref124 ref99 ref11 guggenmoos (ref84) 2003; 29 ref125 ref10 wu (ref94) 2016 ref17 ref16 ref19 ref18 magnier (ref74) 1999 ref133 ref134 ref131 ref95 ref132 ref130 ref90 mcbride (ref73) 1991 ref89 ref139 ref86 ref138 ref85 ref135 ref88 ref136 ref87 maddipatla (ref5) 2019 ref144 ref82 ref145 ref81 ref142 ref143 ref140 ref141 ref79 ref78 ref109 corea-araujo (ref101) 2013 adamiak (ref61) 2006 ref106 ref107 orton (ref72) 2011 ref75 ref104 ref105 ref77 wai (ref60) 1998; 13 pickrell (ref6) 2020 tengdin (ref49) 1996 ref2 (ref91) 2020 ref1 (ref40) 2013 kousky (ref159) 2019 (ref103) 1996 ref71 ref111 ref70 ref112 ref68 ref119 ref67 ref117 ref69 ref118 ref64 ref115 ref116 ref66 ref113 ref65 ref114 (ref98) 2020 ref122 ref123 ref62 ref120 ref121
References_xml	– ident: ref153 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2358885 – ident: ref124 doi: 10.1109/NAPS.2009.5484082 – ident: ref146 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2925620 – year: 2018 ident: ref166 publication-title: California State Senate Bill No 901 Chapter 626 – year: 2011 ident: ref72 article-title: Powerline bushfire safety taskforce – volume: 13 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: ref63 article-title: A framework for wide-area monitoring of tree-related high impedance faults in medium-voltage networks publication-title: J Electr Eng Technol – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1718850115 – ident: ref51 doi: 10.1109/TPAS.1982.317209 – year: 2020 ident: ref83 publication-title: Right-of-Way (ROW) Maintenance – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.015 – ident: ref77 doi: 10.1109/PTC.2009.5282154 – ident: ref54 doi: 10.1109/61.103666 – ident: ref47 doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2571838 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1016/S0360-1285(03)00017-0 – ident: ref135 doi: 10.1109/PES.2011.6039414 – start-page: 4964 year: 2016 ident: ref94 article-title: A real-time Web-based wildfire simulation system publication-title: Proc IEEE Ind Electron Soc Annu Conf (IECON) – year: 1999 ident: ref74 article-title: Method and device for prevention against explosion and fire of electrical transformers – ident: ref106 doi: 10.1109/SSRR.2009.5424143 – year: 1996 ident: ref103 publication-title: Wildland Fire Suppression Tactics Reference Guide – ident: ref131 doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/677/4/042029 – ident: ref71 doi: 10.1071/WF19084 – ident: ref81 doi: 10.1109/CPRE.2012.6201220 – ident: ref150 doi: 10.1002/etep.1768 – ident: ref120 doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2011.2177240 – ident: ref115 doi: 10.1071/WF19042 – ident: ref111 doi: 10.3390/f10040311 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.3390/challe6020282 – ident: ref156 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2598802 – ident: ref139 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2388736 – year: 1996 ident: ref49 article-title: High impedance fault detection technology – ident: ref85 doi: 10.1007/s00267-009-9422-5 – year: 2019 ident: ref3 article-title: CAL FIRE investigators determine cause of the camp fire – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1071/WF15018 – year: 2020 ident: ref4 publication-title: PG&E says wildfire victims back settlement in bankruptcy – year: 2020 ident: ref6 – year: 2016 ident: ref43 publication-title: Tactical Tools for Wildland Fire – ident: ref138 doi: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007627 – volume: 41 start-page: 213 year: 2006 ident: ref92 article-title: An overview of FlamMap fire modeling capabilities publication-title: Proc Fuels Manage -How Measure Success Conf – ident: ref52 doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.1987.4308114 – ident: ref75 doi: 10.1109/CITCON.2000.848515 – ident: ref67 doi: 10.1109/TCSVT.2014.2339592 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1071/WF06144 – ident: ref78 doi: 10.1016/S0379-7112(97)00050-7 – start-page: 225 year: 2009 ident: ref80 article-title: Power lines and catastrophic wildland fire in Southern California publication-title: Proc 11th Int Conf Fire Mater – ident: ref45 doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2236680 – ident: ref123 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2987991 – ident: ref129 doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.0039 – ident: ref86 doi: 10.1080/13658816.2017.1385789 – year: 2020 ident: ref160 publication-title: Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI) Program – year: 2012 ident: ref26 publication-title: Forensic Fire Scene Reconstruction – ident: ref125 doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2035128 – ident: ref142 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2523545 – ident: ref122 doi: 10.1109/TSMC.2018.2815988 – ident: ref126 doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.05.035 – ident: ref99 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aba135 – ident: ref87 doi: 10.1007/s13349-020-00426-z – ident: ref174 doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101655 – ident: ref105 doi: 10.1007/s40725-019-00085-4 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0135-7 – ident: ref65 doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2193665 – ident: ref143 doi: 10.1109/TR.2016.2575445 – year: 2020 ident: ref98 publication-title: Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS)/De-Energization – year: 2011 ident: ref29 article-title: Fireline production rates – ident: ref55 doi: 10.1109/61.53101 – ident: ref119 doi: 10.1109/TIM.2010.2101311 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.02.006 – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.020 – ident: ref97 doi: 10.1007/s11069-020-03901-4 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1071/WF06142 – ident: ref50 doi: 10.1109/TPAS.1982.317214 – ident: ref95 doi: 10.3390/fire3020018 – ident: ref171 doi: 10.5751/ES-07848-200334 – ident: ref104 doi: 10.1007/s40725-019-00084-5 – ident: ref116 doi: 10.1071/WF16135 – volume: 57 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: ref165 article-title: Hurricanes Harvey and Irma: Electric industry impacts, restoration, and cost recovery publication-title: Infrastructure – ident: ref88 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.139 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1071/WF02042 – ident: ref114 doi: 10.3390/fire3030043 – ident: ref140 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2404215 – ident: ref70 doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112975 – volume: 29 start-page: 181 year: 2003 ident: ref84 article-title: Effects of tree mortality on power line security publication-title: J Arboriculture – ident: ref57 doi: 10.1109/61.329514 – volume: 13 start-page: 738 year: 1998 ident: ref60 article-title: A novel technique for high impedance fault identification publication-title: IEEE Trans Power Del doi: 10.1109/61.686968 – ident: ref112 doi: 10.1007/s40725-019-00101-7 – ident: ref172 doi: 10.1007/s40725-015-0015-7 – ident: ref66 doi: 10.1109/TSMCA.2012.2224335 – ident: ref158 doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.055 – ident: ref164 doi: 10.1017/9781108564540.015 – ident: ref157 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118220 – ident: ref152 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2197832 – ident: ref79 doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2003.817818 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1071/WF11001 – ident: ref90 doi: 10.2737/RMRS-RP-4 – ident: ref144 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2899353 – ident: ref167 doi: 10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6 – ident: ref59 doi: 10.1109/28.585852 – ident: ref168 doi: 10.1080/07900627.2018.1467312 – ident: ref117 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab6498 – ident: ref89 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.11.016 – ident: ref128 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2733224 – year: 2013 ident: ref40 publication-title: IIA Position Paper The Three Lines of Defense in Effective Risk Management and Control – volume: 34 start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: ref110 article-title: Comparing contingency fire containment strategies using simulated random scenarios publication-title: Natural Resource Model – ident: ref37 doi: 10.1088/2632-2153/aba480 – ident: ref56 doi: 10.1109/61.131113 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2930095 – ident: ref107 doi: 10.1109/VTCFall.2014.6965820 – year: 2019 ident: ref159 article-title: Financing third party wildfire damages: Options for California's electric utilities – ident: ref109 doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.020 – ident: ref136 doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2005.05.016 – ident: ref64 doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2020.2984217 – ident: ref134 doi: 10.1080/01431161.2016.1220032 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-8598-3_2 – start-page: 868 year: 2006 ident: ref61 article-title: Field experience with high-impedance fault detection relays publication-title: Proc IEEE PES Transmiss Distrib Conf Exhib – ident: ref62 doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2016.005492 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1371/4f959951cce2c – ident: ref149 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2212468 – volume: 42 start-page: 267 year: 1996 ident: ref108 article-title: Simulating wildfire containment with realistic tactics publication-title: Forest Sci doi: 10.1093/forestscience/42.3.267 – ident: ref155 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2429653 – ident: ref113 doi: 10.3390/fire1020021 – volume: 4 start-page: 6 year: 2014 ident: ref162 article-title: Catastrophe bonds: An important new financial instrument publication-title: CAIA Alternative Investment Analyst Review – ident: ref148 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2605692 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.2737/RMRS-GTR-315 – ident: ref132 doi: 10.1016/j.tej.2020.106710 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2011.2125230 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1007/s10980-019-00832-9 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2930055 – ident: ref48 doi: 10.1109/TLA.2018.8358681 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1007/s00477-011-0462-z – ident: ref161 doi: 10.1016/0095-0696(89)90010-7 – year: 2019 ident: ref5 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1071/WF06143 – start-page: 1 year: 2013 ident: ref137 article-title: Post-hurricane transmission network outage management publication-title: Proc IEEE Great Lakes Symp Smart Grid New Energy Economy – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00303.x – ident: ref145 doi: 10.1109/ICC.2018.8422982 – ident: ref147 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2443119 – ident: ref121 doi: 10.1109/TIE.2018.2823658 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1071/WF9930179 – year: 1996 ident: ref42 publication-title: Defence-in-Depth in Nuclear Safety INSAG-10 – ident: ref133 doi: 10.1108/20426741111158421 – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741588 – ident: ref44 doi: 10.1071/WF07123 – year: 2016 ident: ref39 publication-title: Recommended Practice Improving Industrial Control System Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies – ident: ref130 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2894141 – volume: 109 start-page: 274 year: 2011 ident: ref93 article-title: A real-time risk assessment tool supporting wildland fire decisionmaking publication-title: J Forestry doi: 10.1093/jof/109.5.274 – ident: ref69 doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2690996 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab83a7 – ident: ref173 doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101354 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0723:CCAFD]2.0.CO;2 – start-page: 1 year: 2013 ident: ref101 article-title: An EMTP-based analysis of the switching shift angle effect during energization/de-energization in the final ferroresonance state publication-title: Proc Int Conf Power System Transients (IPST) – year: 2020 ident: ref102 article-title: Balancing wildfire risk and power outages through optimized power shut-offs publication-title: arXiv 2004 07156 – ident: ref68 doi: 10.1109/MAES.2016.150057 – ident: ref127 doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2017.005817 – ident: ref53 doi: 10.1109/61.193948 – ident: ref82 doi: 10.1049/cp.2013.0627 – ident: ref151 doi: 10.1115/IMECE2012-87950 – ident: ref163 doi: 10.1057/grir.2012.4 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d3a – year: 2020 ident: ref91 publication-title: Fire Fuel and Smoke Science Program USDI Bureau of Land Management – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1071/WF08088 – ident: ref154 doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2311465 – ident: ref96 doi: 10.1109/ICUFN.2019.8806107 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1071/WF19069 – ident: ref118 doi: 10.3390/f10100884 – ident: ref58 doi: 10.1109/61.277718 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.3390/fire2030047 – ident: ref46 doi: 10.1109/IJCNN.2016.7727265 – year: 1991 ident: ref73 article-title: Cast-coil-transformer fire susceptibility and reliability study – ident: ref169 doi: 10.3390/su11040993 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.3390/fire3030050 – ident: ref141 doi: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2015.7436402 – ident: ref170 doi: 10.1002/rhc3.12187 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-17-0121.1 – ident: ref100 doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2884927 – year: 2007 ident: ref76 article-title: Transformer explosion and fire prevention live tests on large transformers: Analysis and simulations publication-title: Proc CIGRE Canada Conf Power Syst Tech Bus Challenges Next Gener Power Syst
SSID	ssj0000816957
Score	2.4354131
SecondaryResourceType	review_article
Snippet	Wildfires pose a significant challenge to the natural and the built environments, as well as the safety and economic wellbeing of the communities residing in...
SourceID	doaj proquest crossref ieee
SourceType	Open Website Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher
StartPage	61577
SubjectTerms	Defense Electric power Electric power grids Electric power systems Electricity distribution Fires Literature reviews Phenomenology Power grids Power systems Resilience risk analysis Risk management Urban environments wildfire Wildfires Wind Wind speed
SummonAdditionalLinks	– databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) dbid: RIE link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1LS-wwFD6ouNCF74vjiyzu0monTZvG3Ti-FiIiCu5CnlCUGZkZ_f2epLFeUS64KyEpab_knPPl8R2Av-hzFJrefuZyqpGg6DLTOdOZUXXhGTYquI7JJvjNTf34KG7n4LC7C-Oci4fP3FF4jHv5dmxew1LZsUAygi5tHuY55-1drW49JSSQECVPwkL9XBwPhkP8BqSAtH-EI5kxzr84n6jRn5KqfLPE0b1crP6uY2uwksJIMmhxX4c5N9qA5X_EBTfh4R5hcuQ6nGsnY0_OnEfK6ghGqQRtgfVo7MhdM30in0dgSDMi5zExTmPIbUigRi4njZ2ekAFpdxG24OHi_H54laUkCplheT3LKOXe-dJWhmtta137yldaCMuxQCiHDNEzR5Xp50aXnga9PKFqowvm0ZWr4g8sjMYjtw0k96VSCgM-wTWrndKmxMqqoA6dnDVFD-jH35UmKYyHRBfPMjKNXMgWEhkgkQmSHhx2jV5agY3_Vz8NsHVVgzp2LEA8ZJps0oiq9OFzeWWZr2wQmae-1JUqMFqtVA82A4bdSxJ8Pdj7GAQyzeSpDDd788CCxc7PrXZhKXSwXZbZg4XZ5NXtw6J5mzXTyUEcpO_EquUL priority: 102 providerName: IEEE
Title	Three Lines of Defense for Wildfire Risk Management in Electric Power Grids: A Review
URI	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9409078 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2519084099 https://doaj.org/article/c965f7bbd76d4f6d98942f5b6a33266a
Volume	9
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000645064300001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) customDbUrl: eissn: 2169-3536 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000816957 issn: 2169-3536 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20130101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2169-3536 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000816957 issn: 2169-3536 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20130101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV07T8MwELZQxQAD4inKo_LASGjiOHbMVkoLA6AKtVI3y3ZsKQK1qC2M_HbOTihFSLCwZLDsJL47392X2N8hdAYxR4HrTSIbEw0ARWeRjqmOjMpTR2FQynUoNsEfHvLxWAxWSn35PWEVPXAluLYRLHNc64KzgjpWeMJw4jLNVAqZBwupEWQ9K2Aq-OA8YSLjNc1QEot2p9uFGQEgJMkF2DWlnH8LRYGxvy6x8sMvh2DT30ZbdZaIO9Xb7aA1O9lFmyvcgXtoNAQtWHznt63jqcPX1gEitRiSUAxLvXDgy_BjOX_CXztccDnBvVD3pjR44Ouj4ZtZWcwvcQdXPwn20ajfG3Zvo7pGQmRonC8iQrizLiuY8TLKde6YY1qIgkODUBYAoKOWKJPERmeOeDo8oXKjU-ogUqv0ADUm04k9RDh2mVIK8jnBNc2t0iaDziolFmJYYdImIp_ikqYmEPd1LJ5lABKxkJWMpZexrGXcROfLQS8Vf8bv3a-8HpZdPfl1aACTkLVJyL9Moon2vBaXNxGAYSETaqKTT63KeqHOpT-4G3uQK47-49HHaMNPp_pGc4Iai9mrPUXr5m1RzmetYKNwvX_vtcJJww_rkupZ
linkProvider	Directory of Open Access Journals
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Lb9QwEB6VgkR74FUqFgr4wLFpE8eOY27L0lLEsqrQVurN8lOKqHar3S2_v2PHDSAQErfIsiMnnz0znx_fALxDn6PR9FaFL6lBgmJ4YUpmCqvbOjBsVAuTkk2I2ay9vJTnW3A43IXx3qfDZ_4oPqa9fLe0N3Gp7FgiGUGXdg_uc8Zo1d_WGlZUYgoJyUWWFqpKeTyeTPArkATS6gjHMmNC_OZ-kkp_Tqvyhy1ODub08f917Qk8yoEkGffIP4Utv3gGu7_IC-7BxRyB8mQaT7aTZSAffUDS6gnGqQStgQto7si3bv2d_DwEQ7oFOUmpcTpLzmMKNfJp1bn1ezIm_T7Cc7g4PZlPzoqcRqGwrGw3BaUi-MBdY4UxrjVtaEJjpHQCC6T2yBED81TbqrSGBxoV86RuralZQGeu633YXiwX_gWQMnCtNYZ8UhjWem0sx8q6ph7dnLP1COjd31U2a4zHVBdXKnGNUqoeEhUhURmSERwOja57iY1_V_8QYRuqRn3sVIB4qDzdlJUND_FzReNYaFyUmaeBm0bXGK82egR7EcPhJRm-ERzcDQKV5_Jaxbu9ZeTB8uXfW72Fh2fzr1M1_Tz78gp2Ymf7RZoD2N6sbvxreGB_bLr16k0asLfTsehS
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Three+Lines+of+Defense+for+Wildfire+Risk+Management+in+Electric+Power+Grids%3A+A+Review&rft.jtitle=IEEE+access&rft.au=Arab%2C+Ali&rft.au=Khodaei%2C+Amin&rft.au=Eskandarpour%2C+Rozhin&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Matthew+P.&rft.date=2021&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.eissn=2169-3536&rft.volume=9&rft.spage=61577&rft.epage=61593&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FACCESS.2021.3074477&rft.externalDocID=9409078
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2169-3536&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2169-3536&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2169-3536&client=summon