Geospatial assessment of groundwater quality using entropy-based irrigation water quality index and heavy metal pollution indices

Groundwater contamination has become a serious environmental threat throughout the world in the era of Anthropocene. Thus, the present study examined the groundwater quality for irrigation purposes based on the entropy method and heavy metal pollution indices. To compute the entropy-based groundwate...

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Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 30; no. 55; pp. 116498 - 116521
Main Authors: Mahammad, Sadik, Islam, Aznarul, Shit, Pravat Kumar
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.11.2023
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:
absorption
Anthropocene
Anthropocene epoch
Aquatic Pollution
Arsenic
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
chlorides
Contamination
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
Electrical conductivity
Electrical resistivity
Entropy
Entropy (Information theory)
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental impact
geospatial data processing
GIS Applied to Soil-Agricultural Health for Environmental Sustainability
Groundwater
groundwater contamination
Groundwater irrigation
Groundwater pollution
Groundwater quality
Heavy metals
India
Industrial areas
Iron
Irrigation
Irrigation water
Magnesium
Manganese
Nitrates
Parameters
Permeability
Physicochemical properties
Pollution
Pollution index
Pollution load
Quality assessment
Sodium
Sodium carbonate
Spatial variations
Urban agriculture
Urban areas
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
Water quality
Wells
zinc
India
Carbonate weathering
Irrigation water quality
Fan delta
Heavy metal pollution
Entropy method
ISSN:1614-7499, 0944-1344, 1614-7499
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Abstract Groundwater contamination has become a serious environmental threat throughout the world in the era of Anthropocene. Thus, the present study examined the groundwater quality for irrigation purposes based on the entropy method and heavy metal pollution indices. To compute the entropy-based groundwater irrigation quality index (EIWQI), physicochemical parameters such as pH, chloride (Cl − ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ), irrigation indices including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley’s ration (KR), permeability index (PI) and heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) have been employed for the 37 sample wells of the Damodar fan delta (DFD), India, which is a semi-critical agriculture-dominated region. Shannon’s entropy method has been used to assign the weights of the different parameters for constructing the EIWQI. The results portray a spatial variation of the irrigation water quality in the DFD. The EIWQI revealed that 27.03%, 59.46%, 8.11%, 2.7% and 2.7% of the sample wells, respectively, contain excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor quality of irrigation water. On the other hand, heavy metal pollution indices (modified degree of contamination, pollution load index, Nemerow index and modified heavy metal pollution index) show that 15–20% of sample wells of the DFD are contaminated by heavy metal pollution. The pockets of pollution are concentrated in the southwestern, northeastern and central parts of the DFD. The study found that the spatial variation in groundwater quality is controlled by the higher sodium concentration, carbonate weathering and expansion of agricultural and urban-industrial areas.
AbstractList Groundwater contamination has become a serious environmental threat throughout the world in the era of Anthropocene. Thus, the present study examined the groundwater quality for irrigation purposes based on the entropy method and heavy metal pollution indices. To compute the entropy-based groundwater irrigation quality index (EIWQI), physicochemical parameters such as pH, chloride (Cl − ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ), irrigation indices including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley’s ration (KR), permeability index (PI) and heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) have been employed for the 37 sample wells of the Damodar fan delta (DFD), India, which is a semi-critical agriculture-dominated region. Shannon’s entropy method has been used to assign the weights of the different parameters for constructing the EIWQI. The results portray a spatial variation of the irrigation water quality in the DFD. The EIWQI revealed that 27.03%, 59.46%, 8.11%, 2.7% and 2.7% of the sample wells, respectively, contain excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor quality of irrigation water. On the other hand, heavy metal pollution indices (modified degree of contamination, pollution load index, Nemerow index and modified heavy metal pollution index) show that 15–20% of sample wells of the DFD are contaminated by heavy metal pollution. The pockets of pollution are concentrated in the southwestern, northeastern and central parts of the DFD. The study found that the spatial variation in groundwater quality is controlled by the higher sodium concentration, carbonate weathering and expansion of agricultural and urban-industrial areas.
Groundwater contamination has become a serious environmental threat throughout the world in the era of Anthropocene. Thus, the present study examined the groundwater quality for irrigation purposes based on the entropy method and heavy metal pollution indices. To compute the entropy-based groundwater irrigation quality index (EIWQI), physicochemical parameters such as pH, chloride (Cl−) and nitrate (NO3−), irrigation indices including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley’s ration (KR), permeability index (PI) and heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) have been employed for the 37 sample wells of the Damodar fan delta (DFD), India, which is a semi-critical agriculture-dominated region. Shannon’s entropy method has been used to assign the weights of the different parameters for constructing the EIWQI. The results portray a spatial variation of the irrigation water quality in the DFD. The EIWQI revealed that 27.03%, 59.46%, 8.11%, 2.7% and 2.7% of the sample wells, respectively, contain excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor quality of irrigation water. On the other hand, heavy metal pollution indices (modified degree of contamination, pollution load index, Nemerow index and modified heavy metal pollution index) show that 15–20% of sample wells of the DFD are contaminated by heavy metal pollution. The pockets of pollution are concentrated in the southwestern, northeastern and central parts of the DFD. The study found that the spatial variation in groundwater quality is controlled by the higher sodium concentration, carbonate weathering and expansion of agricultural and urban-industrial areas.
Groundwater contamination has become a serious environmental threat throughout the world in the era of Anthropocene. Thus, the present study examined the groundwater quality for irrigation purposes based on the entropy method and heavy metal pollution indices. To compute the entropy-based groundwater irrigation quality index (EIWQI), physicochemical parameters such as pH, chloride (Cl-) and nitrate (NO3-), irrigation indices including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley's ration (KR), permeability index (PI) and heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) have been employed for the 37 sample wells of the Damodar fan delta (DFD), India, which is a semi-critical agriculture-dominated region. Shannon's entropy method has been used to assign the weights of the different parameters for constructing the EIWQI. The results portray a spatial variation of the irrigation water quality in the DFD. The EIWQI revealed that 27.03%, 59.46%, 8.11%, 2.7% and 2.7% of the sample wells, respectively, contain excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor quality of irrigation water. On the other hand, heavy metal pollution indices (modified degree of contamination, pollution load index, Nemerow index and modified heavy metal pollution index) show that 15-20% of sample wells of the DFD are contaminated by heavy metal pollution. The pockets of pollution are concentrated in the southwestern, northeastern and central parts of the DFD. The study found that the spatial variation in groundwater quality is controlled by the higher sodium concentration, carbonate weathering and expansion of agricultural and urban-industrial areas.Groundwater contamination has become a serious environmental threat throughout the world in the era of Anthropocene. Thus, the present study examined the groundwater quality for irrigation purposes based on the entropy method and heavy metal pollution indices. To compute the entropy-based groundwater irrigation quality index (EIWQI), physicochemical parameters such as pH, chloride (Cl-) and nitrate (NO3-), irrigation indices including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley's ration (KR), permeability index (PI) and heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) have been employed for the 37 sample wells of the Damodar fan delta (DFD), India, which is a semi-critical agriculture-dominated region. Shannon's entropy method has been used to assign the weights of the different parameters for constructing the EIWQI. The results portray a spatial variation of the irrigation water quality in the DFD. The EIWQI revealed that 27.03%, 59.46%, 8.11%, 2.7% and 2.7% of the sample wells, respectively, contain excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor quality of irrigation water. On the other hand, heavy metal pollution indices (modified degree of contamination, pollution load index, Nemerow index and modified heavy metal pollution index) show that 15-20% of sample wells of the DFD are contaminated by heavy metal pollution. The pockets of pollution are concentrated in the southwestern, northeastern and central parts of the DFD. The study found that the spatial variation in groundwater quality is controlled by the higher sodium concentration, carbonate weathering and expansion of agricultural and urban-industrial areas.
Groundwater contamination has become a serious environmental threat throughout the world in the era of Anthropocene. Thus, the present study examined the groundwater quality for irrigation purposes based on the entropy method and heavy metal pollution indices. To compute the entropy-based groundwater irrigation quality index (EIWQI), physicochemical parameters such as pH, chloride (Cl⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻), irrigation indices including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley’s ration (KR), permeability index (PI) and heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) have been employed for the 37 sample wells of the Damodar fan delta (DFD), India, which is a semi-critical agriculture-dominated region. Shannon’s entropy method has been used to assign the weights of the different parameters for constructing the EIWQI. The results portray a spatial variation of the irrigation water quality in the DFD. The EIWQI revealed that 27.03%, 59.46%, 8.11%, 2.7% and 2.7% of the sample wells, respectively, contain excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor quality of irrigation water. On the other hand, heavy metal pollution indices (modified degree of contamination, pollution load index, Nemerow index and modified heavy metal pollution index) show that 15–20% of sample wells of the DFD are contaminated by heavy metal pollution. The pockets of pollution are concentrated in the southwestern, northeastern and central parts of the DFD. The study found that the spatial variation in groundwater quality is controlled by the higher sodium concentration, carbonate weathering and expansion of agricultural and urban-industrial areas.
Groundwater contamination has become a serious environmental threat throughout the world in the era of Anthropocene. Thus, the present study examined the groundwater quality for irrigation purposes based on the entropy method and heavy metal pollution indices. To compute the entropy-based groundwater irrigation quality index (EIWQI), physicochemical parameters such as pH, chloride (Cl ) and nitrate (NO ), irrigation indices including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley's ration (KR), permeability index (PI) and heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) have been employed for the 37 sample wells of the Damodar fan delta (DFD), India, which is a semi-critical agriculture-dominated region. Shannon's entropy method has been used to assign the weights of the different parameters for constructing the EIWQI. The results portray a spatial variation of the irrigation water quality in the DFD. The EIWQI revealed that 27.03%, 59.46%, 8.11%, 2.7% and 2.7% of the sample wells, respectively, contain excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor quality of irrigation water. On the other hand, heavy metal pollution indices (modified degree of contamination, pollution load index, Nemerow index and modified heavy metal pollution index) show that 15-20% of sample wells of the DFD are contaminated by heavy metal pollution. The pockets of pollution are concentrated in the southwestern, northeastern and central parts of the DFD. The study found that the spatial variation in groundwater quality is controlled by the higher sodium concentration, carbonate weathering and expansion of agricultural and urban-industrial areas.
Author Mahammad, Sadik
Shit, Pravat Kumar
Islam, Aznarul
Author_xml – sequence: 1
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  surname: Mahammad
  fullname: Mahammad, Sadik
  organization: Department of Geography, Aliah University
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  orcidid: 0000-0003-2380-3909
  surname: Islam
  fullname: Islam, Aznarul
  email: aznarulislam@gmail.com
  organization: Department of Geography, Aliah University
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  surname: Shit
  fullname: Shit, Pravat Kumar
  organization: PG Department of Geography, Raja NL Khan Women’s College, Vidyasagar University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35588033$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022
2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022.
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ISSN 1614-7499
0944-1344
IngestDate Wed Oct 01 14:25:03 EDT 2025
Sun Nov 09 14:02:01 EST 2025
Tue Dec 02 16:07:08 EST 2025
Mon Jul 21 06:00:26 EDT 2025
Tue Nov 18 20:49:04 EST 2025
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Fri Feb 21 02:44:13 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 55
Keywords Carbonate weathering
Irrigation water quality
Fan delta
Heavy metal pollution
Entropy method
Language English
License 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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Snippet Groundwater contamination has become a serious environmental threat throughout the world in the era of Anthropocene. Thus, the present study examined the...
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SubjectTerms absorption
Anthropocene
Anthropocene epoch
Aquatic Pollution
Arsenic
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
chlorides
Contamination
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
Electrical conductivity
Electrical resistivity
Entropy
Entropy (Information theory)
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental impact
geospatial data processing
GIS Applied to Soil-Agricultural Health for Environmental Sustainability
Groundwater
groundwater contamination
Groundwater irrigation
Groundwater pollution
Groundwater quality
Heavy metals
India
Industrial areas
Iron
Irrigation
Irrigation water
Magnesium
Manganese
Nitrates
Parameters
Permeability
Physicochemical properties
Pollution
Pollution index
Pollution load
Quality assessment
Sodium
Sodium carbonate
Spatial variations
Urban agriculture
Urban areas
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
Water quality
Wells
zinc
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Title Geospatial assessment of groundwater quality using entropy-based irrigation water quality index and heavy metal pollution indices
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Volume 30
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