Approximate factor models with weaker loadings
Pervasive cross-section dependence is increasingly recognized as a characteristic of economic data and the approximate factor model provides a useful framework for analysis. Assuming a strong factor structure where Λ0′Λ0/Nα is positive definite in the limit when α=1, early work established convergen...
Uloženo v:
| Vydáno v: | Journal of econometrics Ročník 235; číslo 2; s. 1893 - 1916 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autoři: | , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
Elsevier B.V
01.08.2023
|
| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 0304-4076, 1872-6895 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
| Tagy: |
Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
|
| Abstract | Pervasive cross-section dependence is increasingly recognized as a characteristic of economic data and the approximate factor model provides a useful framework for analysis. Assuming a strong factor structure where Λ0′Λ0/Nα is positive definite in the limit when α=1, early work established convergence of the principal component estimates of the factors and loadings up to a rotation matrix. This paper shows that the estimates are still consistent and asymptotically normal when α∈(0,1] albeit at slower rates and under additional assumptions on the sample size. The results hold whether α is constant or varies across factor loadings. The framework developed for heterogeneous loadings and the simplified proofs that can be also used in strong factor analysis are of independent interest. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Pervasive cross-section dependence is increasingly recognized as a characteristic of economic data and the approximate factor model provides a useful framework for analysis. Assuming a strong factor structure where Λ0′Λ0/Nα is positive definite in the limit when α=1, early work established convergence of the principal component estimates of the factors and loadings up to a rotation matrix. This paper shows that the estimates are still consistent and asymptotically normal when α∈(0,1] albeit at slower rates and under additional assumptions on the sample size. The results hold whether α is constant or varies across factor loadings. The framework developed for heterogeneous loadings and the simplified proofs that can be also used in strong factor analysis are of independent interest. |
| Author | Bai, Jushan Ng, Serena |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jushan surname: Bai fullname: Bai, Jushan email: jb3064@columbia.edu organization: Columbia University, 420 W. 118 St. MC 3308, New York, NY 10027, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Serena surname: Ng fullname: Ng, Serena email: serena.ng@columbia.edu organization: Columbia University and NBER, 420 W. 118 St. MC 3308, New York, NY 10027, United States of America |
| BookMark | eNqFkD1PwzAQhi0EEm3hJyBlZEk4O4mTigFVFV9SJRaYLfdyBoc0LrZL4d-Tqp1YOt3yPu_dPWN22rueGLvikHHg8qbNWkLXu1UmQOQZ8AxEdcJGvK5EKutpecpGkEORFlDJczYOoQWAsqjzEctm67V3P3alIyVGY3Q-WbmGupBsbfxItqQ_ySed043t38MFOzO6C3R5mBP29nD_On9KFy-Pz_PZIsVhR0wFLZGowSlOgZADGFnjEjSKsim5kXkll6XmBc8LWQkjtTSY1yVo0wAaLvIJu973Dsd9bShEtbIBqet0T24TlKjrevhBlMUQvd1H0bsQPBmFNupoXR-9tp3ioHaWVKsOltTOkgKuBksDXf6j136Q4X-Pcnd7bjBF35a8CmipR2qsJ4yqcfZIwx8aYYcW |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1080_01621459_2025_2538272 crossref_primary_10_1093_jjfinec_nbae017 crossref_primary_10_1214_24_AAP2092 crossref_primary_10_1080_01621459_2024_2370592 crossref_primary_10_1002_sta4_697 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jeconom_2025_105993 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10479_024_06340_7 crossref_primary_10_1111_jofi_13415 crossref_primary_10_1080_07350015_2024_2395424 crossref_primary_10_1111_jtsa_12837 crossref_primary_10_1111_obes_12664 crossref_primary_10_1287_mnsc_2022_04138 crossref_primary_10_1080_07474938_2024_2446864 crossref_primary_10_1214_23_AOS2350 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jeconom_2025_106042 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jeconom_2025_106086 crossref_primary_10_1080_07350015_2024_2444344 crossref_primary_10_1093_biomet_asaf028 crossref_primary_10_1093_jjfinec_nbae029 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmva_2024_105405 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jeconom_2023_105648 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0266466625100091 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecosta_2024_02_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jeconom_2023_105521 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43621_025_01172_2 crossref_primary_10_1093_rfs_hhae036 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0266466624000094 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3599632 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jeconom_2025_106033 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jeconom_2025_106077 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11425_023_2347_4 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1007/BF02294464 10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.08.011 10.1016/j.jeconom.2013.03.007 10.1002/jae.2476 10.1016/j.jeconom.2012.01.034 10.2307/1912275 10.1080/07350015.2021.2008405 10.3386/w6702 10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.04.021 10.1198/016214502388618960 10.1017/S0266466615000328 10.1111/1468-0262.00273 10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.08.012 10.1162/003465300559037 10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.04.006 10.1111/1468-0262.00392 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2023 Elsevier B.V. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2023 Elsevier B.V. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 7S9 L.6 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef AGRICOLA AGRICOLA - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef AGRICOLA AGRICOLA - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | AGRICOLA |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Economics Statistics Mathematics |
| EISSN | 1872-6895 |
| EndPage | 1916 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1016_j_jeconom_2023_01_027 S030440762300060X |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: National Science Foundation grantid: SES-2018369 (Ng) funderid: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001 |
| GroupedDBID | --K --M --Z -DZ -~X .~1 0R~ 1B1 1OL 1RT 1~. 1~5 29K 3R3 4.4 41~ 457 4G. 5GY 5VS 63O 6P2 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JN 9JO AABCJ AABNK AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAFFL AAIAV AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAPFB AAQFI AAQXK AAXUO AAYOK ABAOU ABEFU ABEHJ ABFNM ABFRF ABJNI ABLJU ABMAC ABXDB ABYKQ ACAZW ACDAQ ACGFO ACGFS ACHQT ACNCT ACRLP ACROA ADBBV ADEZE ADFHU ADGUI ADIYS ADMUD AEBSH AEFWE AEKER AENEX AETEA AEYQN AFFNX AFKWA AFODL AFTJW AGHFR AGTHC AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AI. AIEXJ AIGVJ AIIAU AIKHN AITUG AJBFU AJOXV AJWLA ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ ARUGR ASPBG AVWKF AXJTR AXLSJ AZFZN BEHZQ BEZPJ BGSCR BKOJK BKOMP BLXMC BNTGB BPUDD BULVW BZJEE CS3 D-I DU5 EBS EFJIC EFLBG EJD EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 F5P FDB FEDTE FGOYB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-2 G-Q GBLVA HMB HMJ HVGLF HZ~ H~9 IHE IXIXF J1W K-O KOM LPU LY5 M26 M41 MHUIS MO0 MS~ MVM N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OHT OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. PQQKQ Q38 R2- RIG ROL RPZ RXW SCU SDF SDG SDP SEB SEE SES SEW SME SPC SPCBC SSB SSF SSW SSZ T5K TAE TN5 U5U UHB UQL VH1 WUQ YK3 YQT YYP ZCG ~G- 9DU AAHBH AATTM AAXKI AAYWO AAYXX ABUFD ABWVN ACLOT ACRPL ACVFH ADCNI ADMHG ADNMO ADXHL AEIPS AEUPX AFJKZ AFPUW AGQPQ AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP ANKPU APXCP CITATION EFKBS ~HD 7S9 L.6 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c407t-2ebceedc9c90ec100f68cb0ac25d51f6376b5a14134672f6a6fc3850afd0cf123 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 31 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001025173700001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0304-4076 |
| IngestDate | Fri Oct 03 00:08:54 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:24:09 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:11:55 EST 2025 Fri Feb 23 02:35:10 EST 2024 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 2 |
| Keywords | C31 C30 Low rank decomposition Factor augmented regressions Weak factors Principal components |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c407t-2ebceedc9c90ec100f68cb0ac25d51f6376b5a14134672f6a6fc3850afd0cf123 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| PQID | 2888000254 |
| PQPubID | 24069 |
| PageCount | 24 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_2888000254 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_jeconom_2023_01_027 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jeconom_2023_01_027 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_jeconom_2023_01_027 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2023-08-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2023-08-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 08 year: 2023 text: 2023-08-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of econometrics |
| PublicationYear | 2023 |
| Publisher | Elsevier B.V |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier B.V |
| References | Baily, Kapetanios, Pesaran (b8) 2016; 31 Bai (b3) 2003; 71 Stock, Watson (b22) 2002; 97 Stock, J.H., Watson, M.W., 1998. Diffusion Indexes. NBER Working Paper 6702. Bai, Ng (b5) 2006; 74 ten Berge, Kiers (b9) 1991; 56 Bai, Ng (b4) 2002; 70 Bai, Ng (b6) 2013; 176 Eckart, Young (b14) 1936; 1 Bai, Ng (b7) 2019; 212 Chao, Swanson (b11) 2022 Onatski (b19) 2010; 92 Uematsu, Yamagata (b24) 2023; 41 Chao, Swanson (b12) 2022 DeMol, Giannone, Reichlin (b13) 2008; 146 Anderson, Rubin (b2) 1956 Moon, Weidner (b18) 2017; 33 Ahn, Horenstein (b1) 2013; 81 Onatski (b20) 2012; 168 Lettau, Pelger (b17) 2020; 218 Uematsu, Yamagata (b23) 2021 Chamberlain, Rothschild (b10) 1983; 51 Forni, Hallin, Lippi, Reichlin (b15) 2000; 82 Freyaldenhoven (b16) 2022; 229 Ahn (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b1) 2013; 81 Lettau (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b17) 2020; 218 Bai (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b3) 2003; 71 Anderson (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b2) 1956 Freyaldenhoven (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b16) 2022; 229 Chao (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b12) 2022 Chamberlain (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b10) 1983; 51 Forni (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b15) 2000; 82 Onatski (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b19) 2010; 92 Bai (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b4) 2002; 70 Bai (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b7) 2019; 212 Moon (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b18) 2017; 33 Bai (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b5) 2006; 74 Baily (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b8) 2016; 31 ten Berge (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b9) 1991; 56 Chao (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b11) 2022 Eckart (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b14) 1936; 1 Onatski (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b20) 2012; 168 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b21 DeMol (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b13) 2008; 146 Bai (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b6) 2013; 176 Stock (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b22) 2002; 97 Uematsu (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b24) 2023; 41 Uematsu (10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b23) 2021 |
| References_xml | – year: 2022 ident: b12 article-title: Selecting the Relevant Variables for Factor Estimation in Factor-Augmented VAR Models – volume: 74 start-page: 4 year: 2006 end-page: 1150 ident: b5 article-title: Confidence intervals for diffusion index forecasts and inference with factor-augmented regressions publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 56 start-page: 309 year: 1991 end-page: 315 ident: b9 article-title: A numerical approach to the exact and the approximate minimum rank of a covariance matrix publication-title: Psychometrika – volume: 168 start-page: 244 year: 2012 end-page: 258 ident: b20 article-title: Asymptotics of the principal components estimator of large factor models with weakly influential factors publication-title: J. Econometrics – volume: 97 start-page: 1167 year: 2002 end-page: 1179 ident: b22 article-title: Forecasting using principle components from a large number of predictors publication-title: J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. – volume: 71 start-page: 135 year: 2003 end-page: 172 ident: b3 article-title: Inferential theory for factor models of large dimensions publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 31 start-page: 929 year: 2016 end-page: 960 ident: b8 article-title: Exponent of cross-section dependence: Estimation and inference publication-title: J. Appl. Econometrics – volume: 92 start-page: 4 year: 2010 end-page: 1016 ident: b19 article-title: Determining the number of factors from empirical distribution of eigenvalues publication-title: Rev. Econ. Stat. – volume: 176 start-page: 18 year: 2013 end-page: 29 ident: b6 article-title: Principal components estimation and identification of the factors publication-title: J. Econometrics – year: 2022 ident: b11 article-title: Consistent Estimation, Variable Selection, and Forecasting in Factor-Augmented VAR Models – volume: 82 start-page: 540 year: 2000 end-page: 554 ident: b15 article-title: The generalized dynamic factor model: Identification and estimation publication-title: Rev. Econ. Stat. – volume: 218 start-page: 1 year: 2020 end-page: 31 ident: b17 article-title: Estimating latent asset pricing factors publication-title: J. Econometrics – volume: 146 start-page: 318 year: 2008 end-page: 328 ident: b13 article-title: Forecasting using a large number of predictors: Is Bayesian regression a valid alternative to principal components? publication-title: J. Ecomometrics – volume: 1 year: 1936 ident: b14 article-title: The approximation of one matrix by another of lower rank publication-title: Psychometrika – year: 2021 ident: b23 article-title: Inference in sparsity-induced weak factor models publication-title: J. Bus. Econom. Statist. – volume: 51 start-page: 1281 year: 1983 end-page: 2304 ident: b10 article-title: Arbitrage, factor structure and mean-variance analysis in large asset markets publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 212 start-page: 78 year: 2019 end-page: 96 ident: b7 article-title: Rank regularized estimation of approximate factor models publication-title: J. Econometrics – start-page: 114 year: 1956 end-page: 150 ident: b2 article-title: Statistical inference in factor analysis publication-title: Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. V – volume: 70 start-page: 191 year: 2002 end-page: 221 ident: b4 article-title: Determining the number of factors in approximate factor models publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 33 start-page: 158 year: 2017 end-page: 195 ident: b18 article-title: Dynamic linear panel regression models with interactive fixed effects publication-title: Econom. Theory – volume: 41 start-page: 213 year: 2023 end-page: 227 ident: b24 publication-title: Estimation of Sparsity Induced Weak Factor Models – volume: 229 start-page: 80 year: 2022 end-page: 102 ident: b16 article-title: Factor models with local factors: Determining the number of relevant factors publication-title: J. Econometrics – volume: 81 start-page: 3 year: 2013 end-page: 1227 ident: b1 article-title: Eigenvalue ratio test for the number of factors publication-title: Econometrica – reference: Stock, J.H., Watson, M.W., 1998. Diffusion Indexes. NBER Working Paper 6702. – volume: 56 start-page: 309 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b9 article-title: A numerical approach to the exact and the approximate minimum rank of a covariance matrix publication-title: Psychometrika doi: 10.1007/BF02294464 – year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b12 – volume: 146 start-page: 318 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b13 article-title: Forecasting using a large number of predictors: Is Bayesian regression a valid alternative to principal components? publication-title: J. Ecomometrics doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.08.011 – start-page: 114 year: 1956 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b2 article-title: Statistical inference in factor analysis – volume: 176 start-page: 18 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b6 article-title: Principal components estimation and identification of the factors publication-title: J. Econometrics doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2013.03.007 – year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b11 – volume: 1 issue: 211–8 year: 1936 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b14 article-title: The approximation of one matrix by another of lower rank publication-title: Psychometrika – volume: 31 start-page: 929 issue: 6 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b8 article-title: Exponent of cross-section dependence: Estimation and inference publication-title: J. Appl. Econometrics doi: 10.1002/jae.2476 – volume: 168 start-page: 244 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b20 article-title: Asymptotics of the principal components estimator of large factor models with weakly influential factors publication-title: J. Econometrics doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2012.01.034 – volume: 51 start-page: 1281 year: 1983 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b10 article-title: Arbitrage, factor structure and mean-variance analysis in large asset markets publication-title: Econometrica doi: 10.2307/1912275 – volume: 74 start-page: 4 issue: 1133 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b5 article-title: Confidence intervals for diffusion index forecasts and inference with factor-augmented regressions publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 92 start-page: 4 issue: 1004 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b19 article-title: Determining the number of factors from empirical distribution of eigenvalues publication-title: Rev. Econ. Stat. – volume: 41 start-page: 213 issue: 1 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b24 publication-title: J. Bus. Econom. Statist. doi: 10.1080/07350015.2021.2008405 – ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b21 doi: 10.3386/w6702 – volume: 212 start-page: 78 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b7 article-title: Rank regularized estimation of approximate factor models publication-title: J. Econometrics doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.04.021 – volume: 97 start-page: 1167 issue: 460 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b22 article-title: Forecasting using principle components from a large number of predictors publication-title: J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. doi: 10.1198/016214502388618960 – volume: 33 start-page: 158 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b18 article-title: Dynamic linear panel regression models with interactive fixed effects publication-title: Econom. Theory doi: 10.1017/S0266466615000328 – volume: 70 start-page: 191 issue: 1 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b4 article-title: Determining the number of factors in approximate factor models publication-title: Econometrica doi: 10.1111/1468-0262.00273 – volume: 218 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b17 article-title: Estimating latent asset pricing factors publication-title: J. Econometrics doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.08.012 – year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b23 article-title: Inference in sparsity-induced weak factor models publication-title: J. Bus. Econom. Statist. – volume: 82 start-page: 540 issue: 4 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b15 article-title: The generalized dynamic factor model: Identification and estimation publication-title: Rev. Econ. Stat. doi: 10.1162/003465300559037 – volume: 229 start-page: 80 issue: 1 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b16 article-title: Factor models with local factors: Determining the number of relevant factors publication-title: J. Econometrics doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.04.006 – volume: 81 start-page: 3 issue: 1203 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b1 article-title: Eigenvalue ratio test for the number of factors publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 71 start-page: 135 issue: 1 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027_b3 article-title: Inferential theory for factor models of large dimensions publication-title: Econometrica doi: 10.1111/1468-0262.00392 |
| SSID | ssj0005483 |
| Score | 2.632095 |
| Snippet | Pervasive cross-section dependence is increasingly recognized as a characteristic of economic data and the approximate factor model provides a useful framework... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 1893 |
| SubjectTerms | econometrics factor analysis Factor augmented regressions Low rank decomposition Principal components sample size Weak factors |
| Title | Approximate factor models with weaker loadings |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.01.027 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2888000254 |
| Volume | 235 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos001025173700001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals 2021 customDbUrl: eissn: 1872-6895 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0005483 issn: 0304-4076 databaseCode: AIEXJ dateStart: 19950101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1LT-MwELagrAQcEI9FvBUktJdVivO0cyyoiEVs2UORerMc19ZuQWlpKPTnM47tpkIg2AOXqI3qNJ3P9XwTz8yH0ElCcJ5yrQEYUeXH4IB8HsTcF32pVCLAqYeqEpsgnQ7t9bI_VoKzrOQESFHQ6TQbfSnUcA7A1qWz_wH37KJwAl4D6HAE2OH4KeBbukv49B8wUWnVdIzcja1je5b8To5_3g-r5PnyHXIqq3plrbZVJ8OfGeXqq0n5t55SHfO0WRcN8vknCICGy1-bVU7hGOJIMr-QBdQIF1qnCFFd-uaCa2L_QXNg7qupr2_6oJLaw7hd9c4Nu7i9vmbddq_7Y_Tga-0vvUduhVAW0VJIkow20FLrV7t3VafqxKadqrvPuhLr9M1vfo9jvPK2FYXorqM1a16vZTDbQAuy2ETLrjS83ESrv2dNdOHdig4ETB_tLdScg9UzsHoGVk_D6hlYPQfrd3R70e6eX_pW68IX8Ise_VDmmq6ITGRYigBjlVKRYy7CpJ8EKgU_kCfwLwoi8GyhSnmqREQTzFUfCwX0Yxs1imEhd5DHlVBAy2QaQfDPRZRTIiNJU0FJpERIdlHsrMOEbQSv9Ujumcv4GzBrVKaNynDAsB7WnA0bmU4oHw2gzvTM0jlD0xhMno-GHjuoGCx3eg-LF3I4KVlIweFULRz2PvGZfbRST_gD1HgcT-Qh-iaeAL3xkZ1mL1sZdyk |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Approximate+factor+models+with+weaker+loadings&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+econometrics&rft.au=Bai%2C+Jushan&rft.au=Ng%2C+Serena&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft.issn=0304-4076&rft.spage=1893&rft.epage=1916&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jeconom.2023.01.027&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0304-4076&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0304-4076&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0304-4076&client=summon |