Comprehensive Analysis of Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms for Sustainable Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Systems

This study presents a multi-objective optimization approach for designing hybrid renewable energy systems for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations that considers both economic and reliability factors as well as seasonal variations in energy production and consumption. Four algorithms, MOPSO, NSGA...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Mathematics (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 7; p. 1741
Main Authors:	Alshammari, Nahar F., Samy, Mohamed Mahmoud, Barakat, Shimaa
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Basel MDPI AG 01.04.2023
Subjects:	Algorithms Convergence Decomposition Design factors diversity efficiency Electric vehicle charging Electric vehicles Emissions Energy storage Genetic algorithms Hybrid electric vehicles hybrid EV charging system Hybrid systems Lithium-ion batteries Mathematical optimization Methods multi-objective optimization Multiple objective analysis optimal design Optimization Rechargeable batteries Reliability aspects Renewable energy Robustness Seasonal variations Sustainable development Urban areas Wind turbines Saudi Arabia
ISSN:	2227-7390, 2227-7390
Online Access:	Get full text
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Abstract	This study presents a multi-objective optimization approach for designing hybrid renewable energy systems for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations that considers both economic and reliability factors as well as seasonal variations in energy production and consumption. Four algorithms, MOPSO, NSGA-II, NSGA-III, and MOEA/D, were evaluated in terms of their convergence, diversity, efficiency, and robustness. Unlike previous studies that focused on single-objective optimization or ignored seasonal variations, our approach results in a more comprehensive and sustainable design for EV charging systems. The proposed system includes a 223-kW photovoltaic system, an 80-kW wind turbine, and seven Lithium-Ion battery banks, achieving a total net present cost of USD 564,846, a levelized cost of electricity of 0.2521 USD/kWh, and a loss of power supply probability of 1.21%. NSGA-II outperforms the other algorithms in terms of convergence and diversity, while NSGA-III is the most efficient, and MOEA/D has the highest robustness. The findings contribute to the development of efficient and reliable renewable energy systems for urban areas, emphasizing the importance of considering both economic and reliability factors in the design process. Our study represents a significant advance in the field of hybrid renewable energy systems for EV charging stations.
AbstractList	This study presents a multi-objective optimization approach for designing hybrid renewable energy systems for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations that considers both economic and reliability factors as well as seasonal variations in energy production and consumption. Four algorithms, MOPSO, NSGA-II, NSGA-III, and MOEA/D, were evaluated in terms of their convergence, diversity, efficiency, and robustness. Unlike previous studies that focused on single-objective optimization or ignored seasonal variations, our approach results in a more comprehensive and sustainable design for EV charging systems. The proposed system includes a 223-kW photovoltaic system, an 80-kW wind turbine, and seven Lithium-Ion battery banks, achieving a total net present cost of USD 564,846, a levelized cost of electricity of 0.2521 USD/kWh, and a loss of power supply probability of 1.21%. NSGA-II outperforms the other algorithms in terms of convergence and diversity, while NSGA-III is the most efficient, and MOEA/D has the highest robustness. The findings contribute to the development of efficient and reliable renewable energy systems for urban areas, emphasizing the importance of considering both economic and reliability factors in the design process. Our study represents a significant advance in the field of hybrid renewable energy systems for EV charging stations.
Audience	Academic
Author	Samy, Mohamed Mahmoud Barakat, Shimaa Alshammari, Nahar F.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Nahar F. orcidid: 0000-0002-7650-6978 surname: Alshammari fullname: Alshammari, Nahar F. – sequence: 2 givenname: Mohamed Mahmoud orcidid: 0000-0002-3716-0564 surname: Samy fullname: Samy, Mohamed Mahmoud – sequence: 3 givenname: Shimaa surname: Barakat fullname: Barakat, Shimaa
BookMark	eNptUU1v1DAUjFCRKKU3foAlrqT4a-3kuFoVWqloDwWu1otjJ2-VxIvtRdr-erxdkCqEffDzvJmR_eZtdbGExVXVe0ZvhGjppxnyyBjVTEv2qrrknOtal8bFi_pNdZ3SjpbVMtHI9rJ62oR5H93oloS_HFkvMB0TJhI8-XqYMtbbbudsPvW2-4wzPkHGsJD1NISIeZwT8SGSx0PKgAt0kyN3xy5iT26nootoyQ83oi34ZoQ44DKQx2PKbk7vqtcepuSu_5xX1ffPt982d_XD9sv9Zv1QW0lVrkFwR72jTDHfQ7OyuufOStH3zHcUPJSLZFz0GhjtlKBWNpa7dqVky0FbcVXdn337ADuzjzhDPJoAaJ6BEAcDMZ-eaKS3XjGgPWu85MXIU6WE8gIotyvQxevD2Wsfw8-DS9nswiGWoSXDddsqKZqGFtbNmTVAMcXFhxzBlt27GW2JzWPB11qqVmoqmyLgZ4GNIaXovLGYnwddhDgZRs0pY_My4yL6-I_o79_-S_8N8vasEQ
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_3390_machines13060489 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scp_2025_102216 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_enconman_2025_120079 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jestch_2023_101564 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2024_102521 crossref_primary_10_3390_math12101431 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_enconman_2025_120271 crossref_primary_10_1093_ijlct_ctae190 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nxmate_2025_100864 crossref_primary_10_3390_math12081178 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecmx_2025_101209 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2023_07_258 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2024_09_402 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2025_104412 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12194149 crossref_primary_10_1080_15325008_2024_2341334 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2024_07_237 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42835_023_01636_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csite_2024_104880 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_esr_2024_101351 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_enconman_2024_118560 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2023_11_110 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nxener_2024_100202 crossref_primary_10_1002_est2_70138 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2023_11_272 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2024_103248 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jestch_2024_101719 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trc_2024_104858 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2024_103369 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics14112224 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_est_2025_115786 crossref_primary_10_1177_18724981251359162 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_epsr_2025_112256 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_solener_2025_113794 crossref_primary_10_1155_er_7288954 crossref_primary_10_3390_math13091504 crossref_primary_10_3390_a17090416 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2025_01_476 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e32712 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jastp_2024_106362 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2025_104400 crossref_primary_10_3390_math12040554 crossref_primary_10_3390_smartcities7060142 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_energy_2025_136553 crossref_primary_10_1002_fuce_70012
Cites_doi	10.1287/opre.1030.0065 10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.002 10.1145/234313.234350 10.1016/j.energy.2021.123008 10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.131 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.258 10.1109/TEVC.2015.2433266 10.1109/CLEI.2015.7360024 10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115825 10.1002/er.5815 10.3390/math10193450 10.3390/electronics9020366 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.201 10.1109/TIA.2020.3041812 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104125 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.09.045 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.092 10.3390/su13042396 10.3390/math11040999 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104015 10.1007/978-3-642-00267-0 10.3390/en15062035 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.038 10.1016/j.renene.2015.04.066 10.1016/j.esr.2022.100850 10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.03.029 10.1016/j.measurement.2013.04.032 10.1007/s42835-020-00547-x 10.1016/j.est.2020.101193 10.1007/s00158-009-0460-7 10.6029/smartcr.2014.05.001 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.127 10.1109/TEVC.2013.2281535 10.1109/ISGTLatinAmerica52371.2021.9543071 10.1016/j.est.2021.103045 10.1109/ASET48392.2020.9118225 10.1109/MEPCON55441.2022.10021784 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.243 10.1080/03052150008941301 10.1109/ICAL.2007.4339116 10.1504/IJBIC.2021.118091 10.1016/j.ejor.2014.03.013 10.1142/5712 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107822 10.1016/j.amc.2009.03.037 10.35833/MPCE.2019.000081 10.1109/TEVC.2007.892759 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114899 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.160 10.3390/en16020762 10.1109/4235.996017 10.1016/j.ress.2005.11.018 10.3390/en81112368 10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.035 10.5540/tema.2018.019.03.437 10.1007/978-3-642-17339-4 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.06.020 10.1109/CIEC.2016.7513806 10.1109/CEC.2016.7744174 10.3390/en14154515 10.1109/TEVC.2016.2631279 10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.12.007 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3048487 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2785218 10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115638 10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105134 10.1016/j.ress.2006.04.014 10.1016/j.est.2021.103225 10.1002/9781118671603 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.015 10.3390/math10060924 10.1109/ICSNS.2018.8573637 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.113 10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.066 10.1016/j.energy.2022.126560 10.3390/en13040944 10.1016/j.est.2022.105307 10.1002/er.8132 10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.07.034 10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00317-2
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml	– notice: COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG – notice: 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
DBID	AAYXX CITATION 3V. 7SC 7TB 7XB 8AL 8FD 8FE 8FG 8FK ABJCF ABUWG AFKRA ARAPS AZQEC BENPR BGLVJ CCPQU DWQXO FR3 GNUQQ HCIFZ JQ2 K7- KR7 L6V L7M L~C L~D M0N M7S P62 PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PKEHL PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PTHSS Q9U DOA
DOI	10.3390/math11071741
DatabaseName	CrossRef ProQuest Central (Corporate) Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Computing Database (Alumni Edition) Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) Materials Science & Engineering Collection ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest SciTech Premium Collection Technology Collection Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection ProQuest Central Essentials - QC ProQuest Central ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest One ProQuest Central Korea Engineering Research Database ProQuest Central Student SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer Science Database Civil Engineering Abstracts ProQuest Engineering Collection Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional Computing Database Engineering Database ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China Engineering Collection ProQuest Central Basic DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database Computer Science Database ProQuest Central Student Technology Collection Technology Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest Engineering Collection ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central (New) Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Engineering Collection Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection Civil Engineering Abstracts ProQuest Computing Engineering Database ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest Computing (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest SciTech Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Materials Science & Engineering Collection Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni)
DatabaseTitleList	CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: PIMPY name: Publicly Available Content Database url: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Mathematics
EISSN	2227-7390
ExternalDocumentID	oai_doaj_org_article_4fcf61a0d18f42c48f06636f3a02c5a7 A746947048 10_3390_math11071741
GeographicLocations	Saudi Arabia
GeographicLocations_xml	– name: Saudi Arabia
GroupedDBID	-~X 5VS 85S 8FE 8FG AADQD AAFWJ AAYXX ABDBF ABJCF ABPPZ ABUWG ACIPV ACIWK ADBBV AFFHD AFKRA AFPKN AFZYC ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMVHM ARAPS AZQEC BCNDV BENPR BGLVJ BPHCQ CCPQU CITATION DWQXO GNUQQ GROUPED_DOAJ HCIFZ IAO ITC K6V K7- KQ8 L6V M7S MODMG M~E OK1 PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PQGLB PQQKQ PROAC PTHSS RNS 3V. 7SC 7TB 7XB 8AL 8FD 8FK FR3 JQ2 KR7 L7M L~C L~D M0N P62 PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS Q9U
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-a32e0fe0161fda85c7d2ec43dd1fb0afaec44123d7a10b630c48c2e956492a7c3
IEDL.DBID	BENPR
ISICitedReferencesCount	53
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000968963900001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	2227-7390
IngestDate	Tue Oct 14 18:58:31 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 25 11:53:03 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 04 18:17:01 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:38:53 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:16:10 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	true
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	7
Language	English
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c406t-a32e0fe0161fda85c7d2ec43dd1fb0afaec44123d7a10b630c48c2e956492a7c3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14
ORCID	0000-0002-3716-0564 0000-0002-7650-6978
OpenAccessLink	https://www.proquest.com/docview/2799643880?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%
PQID	2799643880
PQPubID	2032364
ParticipantIDs	doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_4fcf61a0d18f42c48f06636f3a02c5a7 proquest_journals_2799643880 gale_infotracacademiconefile_A746947048 crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_math11071741 crossref_primary_10_3390_math11071741
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2023-04-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2023-04-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 04 year: 2023 text: 2023-04-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	Basel
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Basel
PublicationTitle	Mathematics (Basel)
PublicationYear	2023
Publisher	MDPI AG
Publisher_xml	– name: MDPI AG
References	Zhang (ref_43) 2007; 11 Diaf (ref_72) 2007; 35 ref_12 ref_10 Amrouche (ref_71) 2016; 41 Javed (ref_77) 2019; 176 ref_96 Brenna (ref_1) 2020; 15 Praveenkumar (ref_100) 2022; 47 Bicer (ref_55) 2022; 243 Narasipuram (ref_13) 2021; 43 Li (ref_99) 2022; 41 (ref_56) 2021; 250 Boussetta (ref_97) 2020; 22 ref_25 ref_24 Elshurafa (ref_98) 2022; 47 Ullah (ref_5) 2023; 267 ref_20 Deb (ref_41) 2002; 6 Deb (ref_81) 2013; 18 Wu (ref_70) 2015; 90 Santos (ref_82) 2018; 19 Barakat (ref_75) 2022; 8 Aguirre (ref_95) 2021; 18 Ball (ref_26) 2011; 16 He (ref_88) 2015; 20 Samy (ref_76) 2021; 9 ref_78 Carlstedt (ref_64) 2020; 186 ref_74 Solanke (ref_9) 2020; 28 Kabli (ref_61) 2020; 220 Coello (ref_21) 2000; 32 ref_83 ref_80 Ebrahimi (ref_59) 2021; 31 Li (ref_62) 2022; 86 Singh (ref_14) 2020; 9 Farhoodnea (ref_7) 2013; 46 Ye (ref_54) 2015; 8 ref_87 Fang (ref_11) 2017; 33 ref_86 ref_85 ref_84 Samy (ref_18) 2022; 84 Kasprzyk (ref_92) 2013; 42 Verma (ref_48) 2021; 57 Mavrotas (ref_28) 2009; 213 Karmaker (ref_45) 2018; 39 ref_50 Konak (ref_23) 2006; 91 ref_57 Samy (ref_73) 2022; 54 Kumar (ref_79) 2014; 4 Tamiz (ref_29) 1998; 111 ref_53 Marler (ref_27) 2010; 41 ref_52 ref_51 Forrest (ref_32) 1996; 28 Bertsimas (ref_89) 2004; 52 ref_68 ref_67 ref_66 ref_65 Samy (ref_16) 2021; 45 ref_63 Shavazipour (ref_93) 2021; 144 Samy (ref_19) 2019; 44 Goli (ref_60) 2014; 66 Lodhi (ref_101) 2022; 46 Malheiro (ref_69) 2015; 83 Ehrgott (ref_90) 2014; 239 Hao (ref_58) 2021; 42 (ref_94) 2021; 291 Eker (ref_91) 2018; 105 ref_36 Marcelino (ref_38) 2021; 185 Lin (ref_39) 2016; 22 ref_35 Samy (ref_17) 2021; 46 ref_34 ref_33 Bhatt (ref_6) 2022; 266 ref_31 ref_30 (ref_46) 2021; 179 ref_37 ref_47 Boddapati (ref_44) 2022; 53 ref_42 ref_40 ref_3 ref_2 Shaukat (ref_15) 2018; 81 ref_49 ref_8 Taboada (ref_22) 2007; 92 ref_4
References_xml	– volume: 52 start-page: 35 year: 2004 ident: ref_89 article-title: The price of robustness publication-title: Oper. Res. doi: 10.1287/opre.1030.0065 – volume: 179 start-page: 737 year: 2021 ident: ref_46 article-title: Multicriteria power generation planning and experimental verification of hybrid renewable energy systems for fast electric vehicle charging stations publication-title: Renew. Energy doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.002 – ident: ref_80 – volume: 28 start-page: 77 year: 1996 ident: ref_32 article-title: Genetic algorithms publication-title: ACM Comput. Surv. doi: 10.1145/234313.234350 – volume: 243 start-page: 123008 year: 2022 ident: ref_55 article-title: Techno-economic optimization of novel stand-alone renewables-based electric vehicle charging stations in Qatar publication-title: Energy doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.123008 – volume: 176 start-page: 704 year: 2019 ident: ref_77 article-title: Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone hybrid solar-wind-battery system for a remote island using genetic algorithm publication-title: Energy doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.131 – volume: 46 start-page: 11217 year: 2021 ident: ref_17 article-title: Optimal economic study of hybrid PV-wind-fuel cell system integrated to unreliable electric utility using hybrid search optimization technique publication-title: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.258 – ident: ref_65 – volume: 20 start-page: 145 year: 2015 ident: ref_88 article-title: Many-objective evolutionary algorithm: Objective space reduction and diversity improvement publication-title: IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2015.2433266 – ident: ref_84 doi: 10.1109/CLEI.2015.7360024 – volume: 266 start-page: 115825 year: 2022 ident: ref_6 article-title: Optimal techno-economic feasibility study of net-zero carbon emission microgrid integrating second-life battery energy storage system publication-title: Energy Convers. Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115825 – volume: 45 start-page: 8214 year: 2021 ident: ref_16 article-title: Multi-objective optimization of hybrid renewable energy system based on biomass and fuel cells publication-title: Int. J. Energy Res. doi: 10.1002/er.5815 – ident: ref_3 doi: 10.3390/math10193450 – ident: ref_8 doi: 10.3390/electronics9020366 – volume: 8 start-page: 5177 year: 2022 ident: ref_75 article-title: Investigating grid-connected green power systems’ energy storage solutions in the event of frequent blackouts publication-title: Energy Rep. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.201 – ident: ref_83 – volume: 57 start-page: 1789 year: 2021 ident: ref_48 article-title: CAPSA Based Control for Power Quality Correction in PV Array Integrated EVCS Operating in Standalone and Grid Connected Modes publication-title: IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.3041812 – volume: 86 start-page: 104125 year: 2022 ident: ref_62 article-title: Trajectory-driven planning of electric taxi charging stations based on cumulative prospect theory publication-title: Sustain. Cities Soc. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104125 – volume: 291 start-page: 782 year: 2021 ident: ref_94 article-title: The price of multiobjective robustness: Analyzing solution sets to uncertain multiobjective problems publication-title: Eur. J. Oper. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.09.045 – volume: 81 start-page: 1329 year: 2018 ident: ref_15 article-title: A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system publication-title: Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.092 – volume: 31 start-page: e13108 year: 2021 ident: ref_59 article-title: Optimal probabilistic operation management of smart parking lot and renewable sources in microgrid to reduce cost and improve system reliability considering demand response program publication-title: Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. – ident: ref_2 doi: 10.3390/su13042396 – ident: ref_4 doi: 10.3390/math11040999 – volume: 84 start-page: 104015 year: 2022 ident: ref_18 article-title: Decision-Making and Optimal Design of Green E nergy System Based on Statistical Methods and Artificial Neural Network Approaches publication-title: Sustain. Cities Soc. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104015 – ident: ref_30 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-00267-0 – ident: ref_12 doi: 10.3390/en15062035 – ident: ref_86 – volume: 90 start-page: 466 year: 2015 ident: ref_70 article-title: Optimal coordinate operation control for wind--photovoltaic--battery storage power-generation units publication-title: Energy Convers. Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.038 – volume: 83 start-page: 646 year: 2015 ident: ref_69 article-title: Integrated sizing and scheduling of wind/PV/diesel/battery isolated systems publication-title: Renew. Energy doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.04.066 – volume: 41 start-page: 100850 year: 2022 ident: ref_99 article-title: Techno-economic evaluation of electric vehicle charging stations based on hybrid renewable energy in China publication-title: Energy Strateg. Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2022.100850 – ident: ref_67 – volume: 105 start-page: 201 year: 2018 ident: ref_91 article-title: Including robustness considerations in the search phase of Many-Objective Robust Decision Making publication-title: Environ. Model. Softw. doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.03.029 – volume: 46 start-page: 2423 year: 2013 ident: ref_7 article-title: Power quality impacts of high-penetration electric vehicle stations and renewable energy-based generators on power distribution systems publication-title: Measurement doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2013.04.032 – volume: 15 start-page: 2539 year: 2020 ident: ref_1 article-title: Electric vehicles charging technology review and optimal size estimation publication-title: J. Electr. Eng. Technol. doi: 10.1007/s42835-020-00547-x – volume: 28 start-page: 101193 year: 2020 ident: ref_9 article-title: A review of strategic charging–discharging control of grid-connected electric vehicles publication-title: J. Energy Storage doi: 10.1016/j.est.2020.101193 – volume: 41 start-page: 853 year: 2010 ident: ref_27 article-title: The weighted sum method for multi-objective optimization: New insights publication-title: Struct. Multidiscip. Optim. doi: 10.1007/s00158-009-0460-7 – volume: 4 start-page: 335 year: 2014 ident: ref_79 article-title: Multi-objective particle swarm optimization: An introduction publication-title: SmartCR doi: 10.6029/smartcr.2014.05.001 – volume: 44 start-page: 2141 year: 2019 ident: ref_19 article-title: A flower pollination optimization algorithm for an off-grid PV-Fuel cell hybrid renewable system publication-title: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.127 – ident: ref_25 – volume: 18 start-page: 577 year: 2013 ident: ref_81 article-title: An evolutionary many-objective optimization algorithm using reference-point-based nondominated sorting approach, part I: Solving problems with box constraints publication-title: IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2013.2281535 – volume: 53 start-page: 102389 year: 2022 ident: ref_44 article-title: Design and prospective assessment of a hybrid energy-based electric vehicle charging station publication-title: Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. – ident: ref_50 doi: 10.1109/ISGTLatinAmerica52371.2021.9543071 – ident: ref_33 – volume: 42 start-page: 103045 year: 2021 ident: ref_58 article-title: Optimal Design of Electric Vehicle Parking Lot based on Energy Management Considering Hydrogen Storage System and Demand Side Management publication-title: J. Energy Storage doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.103045 – ident: ref_47 doi: 10.1109/ASET48392.2020.9118225 – ident: ref_74 doi: 10.1109/MEPCON55441.2022.10021784 – volume: 41 start-page: 20914 year: 2016 ident: ref_71 article-title: Overview of energy storage in renewable energy systems publication-title: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.243 – volume: 32 start-page: 275 year: 2000 ident: ref_21 article-title: Treating constraints as objectives for single-objective evolutionary optimization publication-title: Eng. Optim. A35 doi: 10.1080/03052150008941301 – ident: ref_68 doi: 10.1109/ICAL.2007.4339116 – volume: 18 start-page: 69 year: 2021 ident: ref_95 article-title: Distance-based immune generalised differential evolution algorithm for dynamic multi-objective optimisation publication-title: Int. J. Bio-Inspired Comput. doi: 10.1504/IJBIC.2021.118091 – volume: 239 start-page: 17 year: 2014 ident: ref_90 article-title: Minmax robustness for multi-objective optimization problems publication-title: Eur. J. Oper. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2014.03.013 – ident: ref_36 doi: 10.1142/5712 – volume: 186 start-page: 107822 year: 2020 ident: ref_64 article-title: Performance analysis framework for structural battery composites in electric vehicles publication-title: Compos. Part B Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107822 – ident: ref_78 – volume: 213 start-page: 455 year: 2009 ident: ref_28 article-title: Effective implementation of the ε-constraint method in multi-objective mathematical programming problems publication-title: Appl. Math. Comput. doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2009.03.037 – volume: 9 start-page: 295 year: 2020 ident: ref_14 article-title: Feasibility of grid-connected solar-wind hybrid system with electric vehicle charging station publication-title: J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy doi: 10.35833/MPCE.2019.000081 – volume: 11 start-page: 712 year: 2007 ident: ref_43 article-title: MOEA/D: A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition publication-title: IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2007.892759 – volume: 250 start-page: 114899 year: 2021 ident: ref_56 article-title: Technoeconomic analysis and optimization of hybrid solar/wind/battery systems for a standalone house integrated with electric vehicle in Saudi Arabia publication-title: Energy Convers. Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114899 – ident: ref_35 – volume: 47 start-page: 32641 year: 2022 ident: ref_98 article-title: Cost, footprint, and reliability implications of deploying hydrogen in off-grid electric vehicle charging stations: A GIS-assisted study for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia publication-title: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.160 – ident: ref_51 doi: 10.3390/en16020762 – volume: 6 start-page: 182 year: 2002 ident: ref_41 article-title: A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II publication-title: IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. doi: 10.1109/4235.996017 – volume: 91 start-page: 992 year: 2006 ident: ref_23 article-title: Multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms: A tutorial publication-title: Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2005.11.018 – ident: ref_52 – volume: 8 start-page: 13265 year: 2015 ident: ref_54 article-title: Feasibility study of a solar-powered electric vehicle charging station model publication-title: Energies doi: 10.3390/en81112368 – volume: 39 start-page: 189 year: 2018 ident: ref_45 article-title: Feasibility assessment & design of hybrid renewable energy based electric vehicle charging station in Bangladesh publication-title: Sustain. Cities Soc. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.035 – ident: ref_87 – volume: 19 start-page: 437 year: 2018 ident: ref_82 article-title: A convergence indicator for multi-objective optimisation algorithms publication-title: TEMA doi: 10.5540/tema.2018.019.03.437 – ident: ref_31 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-17339-4 – volume: 35 start-page: 5708 year: 2007 ident: ref_72 article-title: A methodology for optimal sizing of autonomous hybrid PV/wind system publication-title: Energy Policy doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.06.020 – ident: ref_20 – ident: ref_85 doi: 10.1109/CIEC.2016.7513806 – ident: ref_42 doi: 10.1109/CEC.2016.7744174 – ident: ref_57 doi: 10.3390/en14154515 – volume: 22 start-page: 32 year: 2016 ident: ref_39 article-title: Particle swarm optimization with a balanceable fitness estimation for many-objective optimization problems publication-title: IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2016.2631279 – volume: 42 start-page: 55 year: 2013 ident: ref_92 article-title: Many objective robust decision making for complex environmental systems undergoing change publication-title: Environ. Model. Softw. doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.12.007 – ident: ref_24 – ident: ref_34 – volume: 9 start-page: 14528 year: 2021 ident: ref_76 article-title: Reliability Support of Undependable Grid Using Green Energy Systems; Economic Study publication-title: IEEE Access doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3048487 – volume: 33 start-page: 8488 year: 2017 ident: ref_11 article-title: Distributed power system virtual inertia implemented by grid-connected power converters publication-title: IEEE Trans. Power Electron. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2785218 – volume: 185 start-page: 115638 year: 2021 ident: ref_38 article-title: An efficient multi-objective evolutionary approach for solving the operation of multi-reservoir system scheduling in hydro-power plants publication-title: Expert Syst. Appl. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115638 – volume: 22 start-page: 74 year: 2020 ident: ref_97 article-title: El Assessing the potential of hybrid PV—Wind systems to cover public facilities loads under different Moroccan climate conditions publication-title: Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. – volume: 144 start-page: 105134 year: 2021 ident: ref_93 article-title: Multi-scenario multi-objective robust optimization under deep uncertainty: A posteriori approach publication-title: Environ. Model. Softw. doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105134 – ident: ref_40 – ident: ref_37 – ident: ref_63 – volume: 92 start-page: 314 year: 2007 ident: ref_22 article-title: Practical solutions for multi-objective optimization: An application to system reliability design problems publication-title: Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2006.04.014 – volume: 43 start-page: 103225 year: 2021 ident: ref_13 article-title: A technological overview & design considerations for developing electric vehicle charging stations publication-title: J. Energy Storage doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.103225 – ident: ref_66 doi: 10.1002/9781118671603 – volume: 16 start-page: 21 year: 2011 ident: ref_26 article-title: Heuristics based on mathematical programming publication-title: Surv. Oper. Res. Manag. Sci. – volume: 47 start-page: 38087 year: 2022 ident: ref_100 article-title: Techno-economic optimization of PV system for hydrogen production and electric vehicle charging stations under five different climatic conditions in India publication-title: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.015 – ident: ref_49 doi: 10.3390/math10060924 – ident: ref_10 doi: 10.1109/ICSNS.2018.8573637 – ident: ref_96 doi: 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.113 – volume: 66 start-page: 280 year: 2014 ident: ref_60 article-title: PV powered smart charging station for PHEVs publication-title: Renew. Energy doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.066 – volume: 267 start-page: 126560 year: 2023 ident: ref_5 article-title: Optimal scheduling and techno-economic analysis of electric vehicles by implementing solar-based grid-tied charging station publication-title: Energy doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.126560 – ident: ref_53 doi: 10.3390/en13040944 – volume: 54 start-page: 105307 year: 2022 ident: ref_73 article-title: Exploring energy storage methods for grid-connected clean power plants in case of repetitive outages publication-title: J. Energy Storage doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.105307 – volume: 46 start-page: 14145 year: 2022 ident: ref_101 article-title: Techno-economic feasibility of hydrogen based electric vehicle charging station: A case study publication-title: Int. J. Energy Res. doi: 10.1002/er.8132 – volume: 220 start-page: 107461 year: 2020 ident: ref_61 article-title: A stochastic programming approach for electric vehicle charging station expansion plans publication-title: Int. J. Prod. Econ. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.07.034 – volume: 111 start-page: 569 year: 1998 ident: ref_29 article-title: Goal programming for decision making: An overview of the current state-of-the-art publication-title: Eur. J. Oper. Res. doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00317-2
SSID	ssj0000913849
Score	2.447071
Snippet	This study presents a multi-objective optimization approach for designing hybrid renewable energy systems for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations that...
SourceID	doaj proquest gale crossref
SourceType	Open Website Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database
StartPage	1741
SubjectTerms	Algorithms Convergence Decomposition Design factors diversity efficiency Electric vehicle charging Electric vehicles Emissions Energy storage Genetic algorithms Hybrid electric vehicles hybrid EV charging system Hybrid systems Lithium-ion batteries Mathematical optimization Methods multi-objective optimization Multiple objective analysis optimal design Optimization Rechargeable batteries Reliability aspects Renewable energy Robustness Seasonal variations Sustainable development Urban areas Wind turbines
SummonAdditionalLinks	– databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1LaxsxEBbF5NAeSp_UbRp0aMmhLNZK8mp1dENCLk0KTUtuQjuSagc_iu0Ekl_fmdXacQ8hlx53EUirebMz38fYJ0xR6wqoqb0UodAKmsJiHCx0FSVYr3UaZrIJc3ZWX17a7ztUX9QTluGB88UNdIJUlV6Esk5agq4TBckqKS8kDH07Ry6M3SmmWh9sS1VrmzvdFdb1A8z_xlTrYAZe_hODWqj-hxxyG2VOXrDnXXrIR_lYL9mTOH_Fnn3bYquuXrM7MuFlHOfOc75BFeGLxNtp2uK8ucpejJ-jP5h1g5Z8NP29WE7W49mKY6LKf9xPTvHTW5rb4sctJc4E-K84pu05_YsnEiPe4Zq_YT9Pji-OTouOQaEADNTrwisZRYqU1qXg6yGYICNoFUKZGuGTxweNsSsYX4qmUgLvF2TEmklb6Q2ot6w3X8zjO8YbzNyMQRMuIWiJ0oAwVL4RuqmgiiH02ZfNnTro4MWJ5WLqsMwgCbhdCfTZ5-3qPxlW44F1X0k82zUEht2-QBVxnYq4x1Skzw5JuI5MFo8Evps8wA8j8Cs3Mrqy2qAv67P9jfxdZ8srJ40l0DJ0dO__x2k-sKdEWZ-7f_ZZb728jh_ZHtysJ6vlQavGfwFZGPlg priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
Title	Comprehensive Analysis of Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms for Sustainable Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
URI	https://www.proquest.com/docview/2799643880 https://doaj.org/article/4fcf61a0d18f42c48f06636f3a02c5a7
Volume	11
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000968963900001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2227-7390 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913849 issn: 2227-7390 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20130101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2227-7390 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913849 issn: 2227-7390 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20130101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Computer Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 2227-7390 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913849 issn: 2227-7390 databaseCode: K7- dateStart: 20130301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/compscijour providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Engineering Database customDbUrl: eissn: 2227-7390 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913849 issn: 2227-7390 databaseCode: M7S dateStart: 20130301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 2227-7390 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913849 issn: 2227-7390 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20130301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database customDbUrl: eissn: 2227-7390 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913849 issn: 2227-7390 databaseCode: PIMPY dateStart: 20130301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent providerName: ProQuest
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3PTxQxFG4QPOhB8VdcwE0PEg-mYabTnc6cyGKWQAzLBtTgqem8tiwGdmFnNdGDf7vvzXQXPODFS5OZNmmbvn7vtX3ve4y9RRO1yIGc2tPECZVBJUrUg0LlXkJplQq9NtmEHg6Ls7NyFC_c6uhWucDEBqjdFOiOfEfqkqijUNx2r28EZY2i19WYQuMBWyOmMpTztb3BcHSyvGUh1stCla3He4bn-x20A8d05kFLPP1LFzWU_fcBc6Nt9p_-7zjX2ZNoZ_J-KxjP2IqfPGePj5YkrfUL9ouwYObHrQs7X9CT8GngTViuOK6-tXDIjxFYrmLEJu9fnmOH8_FVzdHi5ae3IVj84CcFgPFBk1vnAvgXP6buOT3qUzYkHgnSX7LP-4NPHw5ETMUgADX-XNhM-iR4sg-Ds0UPtJMeVOZcGqrEBosfCpWg0zZNqjxLQBUgPR6-VCmthuwVW51MJ_414xWagFojFqTglHRpAa6X2SpRVQ65d67D3i8WxUDkKad0GZcGzyu0hObuEnbY9rL1dcvPcU-7PVrfZRti1W5-TGfnJm5SowKEPLUJDiooiVMIZJDlIbOJhJ7VHfaOpMPQ3schgY0hDDgxYtEyfa3yUmkExQ7bWkiHiaBQm1vR2Ph39SZ7RFntWwehLbY6n333b9hD-DG_qGfdKOPd5voAy49adMll9ZTK3wOsHx0ejb7-AQcJDpA
linkProvider	ProQuest
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Nb9NAEB2VFAk48I0IFNgDFQdk1d7deO0DQimkStU2raCg3rbr_WiK2qTEAVR-FL-RGX-kcCi3HjjaXjne5OXN2_XMG4CXKFGz1FJSexK7SApbRDnGwUimntvcSBl6dbMJNRplBwf53hL8amthKK2y5cSKqN3U0h75Glc5WUch3N6efY2oaxS9XW1baNSw2PLnP3DJVr7ZfI-_7yrnG4P9d8Oo6SoQWQxe88gI7uPgSeoEZ7KeVY57K4VzSShiEwweSORzp0wSF6mIrcws97iOkDk3ygq87zVYlkKmvQ4srw9Gex8WuzrkspnJvM6wFyKP11B3jmmNhco_-Sv2VS0CLgsEVXTbuPO_fS934Xajo1m_Bv49WPKT-3BrZ2FCWz6An8R1Mz-uU_RZa7_CpoFVZcfRbvGlpnu2i8R52lSksv7JEU5wPj4tGSp69vGixIwNz6nAjQ2q3kHHln32Y_p4RkkL1O2JNQbwD-HTlUz-EXQm04l_DKxAiasUcl1ineQuyazrCVPEskht6p3rwusWBNo2PuzUDuRE43qMIKP_hEwXVhejz2r_kUvGrROeFmPINbw6MZ0d6YaEtAw2pImJ8aGC5DiFQIIzDcLE3PaM6sIrQqMmbsNHsqYp0cCJkUuY7iuZ5lIh6XdhpUWjbkiv1BdQfPLvyy_gxnB_Z1tvb462nsJNjrqxToZagc589s0_g-v2-_y4nD1v_l8MDq8aur8BXftnYw
linkToPdf	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9NAEB6VglB74I0aKLAHKg7Iynq98doHhAJt1KqQViqg3rbrfTSt2qTEAVR-Wn9dZ_xI4VBuPXC0vbK99udvZtYz3wC8Rhc1Sy0ltcfcRTKxRZSjHYxk6oXNjZShVzebUMNhtr-f7y7ARVsLQ2mVLSdWRO0mltbIu0LlJB2FcOuGJi1id33w_ux7RB2k6E9r206jhsi2P_-F4Vv5bmsd3_WaEIONLx83o6bDQGTRkM0ikwjPgye3JziT9axywluZOBeHgptgcEMitztlYl6kCbcys8JjTCFzYZRN8Ly34LaSKZdV2uDefH2H9DYzmde59kmS8y56oCOKtjAGiP-yglWzgOtMQmXnBvf_5yf0AO413jXr15_DQ1jw40ew_HkuTVs-ht_EgFM_qhP3WSvKwiaBVcXI0U5xXBsBtoN0etrUqbL-ySFOcDY6LRn6-WzvqvCMbZ5T2RvbqDoKHVn2zY_o8oxSGagHFGtk4Z_A1xuZ_FNYHE_GfgVYgY6vUsiAsXVSuDizrpeYgssital3rgNvW0Bo26izU5OQE41RGsFH_wmfDqzNR5_VqiTXjPtA2JqPIS3xasdkeqgbatIy2JDGhuNNBSlwCoHc0DQkhgvbM6oDbwiZmhgPb8mapnADJ0baYbqP8M-lQlPQgdUWmbqhwlJfwfLZvw-_gruIV_1pa7j9HJYEOpN1htQqLM6mP_wLuGN_zo7K6cvqQ2NwcNO4vQQZtW7c
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+Analysis+of+Multi-Objective+Optimization+Algorithms+for+Sustainable+Hybrid+Electric+Vehicle+Charging+Systems&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+%28Basel%29&rft.au=Alshammari%2C+Nahar+F.&rft.au=Samy%2C+Mohamed+Mahmoud&rft.au=Barakat%2C+Shimaa&rft.date=2023-04-01&rft.issn=2227-7390&rft.eissn=2227-7390&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=1741&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fmath11071741&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_3390_math11071741
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2227-7390&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2227-7390&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2227-7390&client=summon