An improved scheme for data hiding in encrypted H.264/AVC videos

•The embedding is done on encrypted H.264/AVC data without knowing the decryption key.•The paired code-word substitution and multiple-base notational system are exploited.•Both encryption and data embedding keep the bit-rate intact.•Data extraction can be carried out either in encrypted or decrypted...

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Vydáno v:	Journal of visual communication and image representation Ročník 36; s. 229 - 242
Hlavní autoři:	Xu, Dawen, Wang, Rangding, Shi, Yun Q.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Elsevier Inc 01.04.2016
Témata:	Code-word pair Code-word substitution Coding Context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) Data embedding capacity Data extraction Data hiding Embedded systems Encrypted domain Encryption H.264/AVC Redundancy Representations Statistical analysis Video data Visual Code-word substitution Encrypted domain Code-word pair Data hiding Context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) Data embedding capacity H.264/AVC Data extraction
ISSN:	1047-3203, 1095-9076
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Abstract	•The embedding is done on encrypted H.264/AVC data without knowing the decryption key.•The paired code-word substitution and multiple-base notational system are exploited.•Both encryption and data embedding keep the bit-rate intact.•Data extraction can be carried out either in encrypted or decrypted domain. Recently, a novel scheme to hide data into encrypted H.264/AVC videos using code-word substitution has been proposed by Xu et al. However, the statistical analysis of CAVLC code-words demonstrate that Xu et al.’s work does not fully exploit redundancy existing in CAVLC code-word for data embedding. In this paper, an improved version of Xu et al.’s data hiding method in encrypted H.264/AVC videos is proposed. Specifically, when suffixLength is equal to 1, data embedding is performed by paired code-word substitution. When suffixLength is greater than 2, not the single code-word substitution but the multiple-based notational system is adopted for data embedding. Experimental results have demonstrated that the improved method is indeed capable of providing a larger embedding capacity in comparison with Xu et al.’s method. Moreover, both encryption and data embedding can be accomplished without affecting the coding efficiency of H.264/AVC by keeping exactly the same bitrate.
AbstractList	•The embedding is done on encrypted H.264/AVC data without knowing the decryption key.•The paired code-word substitution and multiple-base notational system are exploited.•Both encryption and data embedding keep the bit-rate intact.•Data extraction can be carried out either in encrypted or decrypted domain. Recently, a novel scheme to hide data into encrypted H.264/AVC videos using code-word substitution has been proposed by Xu et al. However, the statistical analysis of CAVLC code-words demonstrate that Xu et al.’s work does not fully exploit redundancy existing in CAVLC code-word for data embedding. In this paper, an improved version of Xu et al.’s data hiding method in encrypted H.264/AVC videos is proposed. Specifically, when suffixLength is equal to 1, data embedding is performed by paired code-word substitution. When suffixLength is greater than 2, not the single code-word substitution but the multiple-based notational system is adopted for data embedding. Experimental results have demonstrated that the improved method is indeed capable of providing a larger embedding capacity in comparison with Xu et al.’s method. Moreover, both encryption and data embedding can be accomplished without affecting the coding efficiency of H.264/AVC by keeping exactly the same bitrate. Recently, a novel scheme to hide data into encrypted H.264/AVC videos using code-word substitution has been proposed by Xu et al. However, the statistical analysis of CAVLC code-words demonstrate that Xu et al.'s work does not fully exploit redundancy existing in CAVLC code-word for data embedding. In this paper, an improved version of Xu et al.'s data hiding method in encrypted H.264/AVC videos is proposed. Specifically, when suffixLength is equal to 1, data embedding is performed by paired code-word substitution. When suffixLength is greater than 2, not the single code-word substitution but the multiple-based notational system is adopted for data embedding. Experimental results have demonstrated that the improved method is indeed capable of providing a larger embedding capacity in comparison with Xu et al.'s method. Moreover, both encryption and data embedding can be accomplished without affecting the coding efficiency of H.264/AVC by keeping exactly the same bitrate.
Author	Shi, Yun Q. Wang, Rangding Xu, Dawen
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Dawen surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Dawen email: dawenxu@126.com organization: School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Rangding surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Rangding organization: CKC Software Lab, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Yun Q. surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Yun Q. organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
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Cites_doi	10.1109/TIP.2014.2302681 10.1109/TCSVT.2013.2276710 10.1109/TIFS.2011.2176120 10.1109/TIFS.2013.2286456 10.1109/TMM.2014.2316154 10.1109/TCSVT.2011.2162290 10.1117/1.JEI.23.5.053022 10.1109/TIFS.2014.2302899 10.1109/TCSVT.2012.2221191 10.1109/TCE.2006.1649688 10.1109/LSP.2004.838214 10.1016/j.jvcir.2014.12.007 10.1109/TMM.2014.2310595 10.1007/s11554-010-0175-4 10.1109/TIFS.2013.2248725 10.1109/TMM.2011.2181342 10.1016/j.ins.2010.08.003 10.1117/1.JEI.24.3.033028
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Keywords	Code-word substitution Encrypted domain Code-word pair Data hiding Context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) Data embedding capacity H.264/AVC Data extraction
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SubjectTerms	Code-word pair Code-word substitution Coding Context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) Data embedding capacity Data extraction Data hiding Embedded systems Encrypted domain Encryption H.264/AVC Redundancy Representations Statistical analysis Video data Visual
Title	An improved scheme for data hiding in encrypted H.264/AVC videos
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