The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: results of a randomized controlled trial

Previous research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD for victims of natural disasters, car accidents or other traumatic events. The current study e...

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Published in:	Psychological medicine Vol. 46; no. 12; pp. 2583 - 2593
Main Authors:	Acarturk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Gulen, B., Cuijpers, P.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 01.09.2016
Subjects:	Adult Analysis Depression Depression - therapy Disasters Efficacy Eye movement desensitization Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - methods Eye movements Female Group therapy Groups Humans Intervention Male Measures Mental depression Natural disasters Original Articles Outcome Assessment (Health Care) Post traumatic stress disorder Psychiatry Refugee camps Refugees Refugees - psychology Registration Single-Blind Method Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - therapy Symptoms Syria Trauma Turkey New York Istanbul Turkey Netherlands Turkey United States > US Syria Depression post-traumatic stress disorder eye movement desensitization and reprocessing refugees
ISSN:	0033-2917, 1469-8978
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Abstract	Previous research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD for victims of natural disasters, car accidents or other traumatic events. The current study examined the effect of EMDR on symptoms of PTSD and depression by comparing the treatment with a wait-list control condition in Syrian refugees. Adult refugees located in Kilis Refugee Camp at the Turkish-Syrian border with a PTSD diagnosis were randomly allocated to either EMDR (n = 37) or wait-list control (n = 33) conditions. All participants were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus at pre-intervention, at 1 week after finishing the intervention and at 5 weeks after finishing the intervention. The main outcome measures were the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 were included as secondary outcome measures. The Trial Registration no. is NCT01847742. Mixed-model analyses adjusted for the baseline scores indicated a significant effect of group at post-treatment indicating that the EMDR therapy group showed a significantly larger reduction of PTSD symptoms as assessed with the HTQ. Similar findings were found on the other outcome measures. There was no effect of time or group × time interaction on any measure, showing that the difference between the groups at the post-treatment was maintained to the 5-week follow-up. EMDR may be effective in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees with PTSD located in a refugee camp.
AbstractList	Previous research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD for victims of natural disasters, car accidents or other traumatic events. The current study examined the effect of EMDR on symptoms of PTSD and depression by comparing the treatment with a wait-list control condition in Syrian refugees. Adult refugees located in Kilis Refugee Camp at the Turkish-Syrian border with a PTSD diagnosis were randomly allocated to either EMDR (n = 37) or wait-list control (n = 33) conditions. All participants were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus at pre-intervention, at 1 week after finishing the intervention and at 5 weeks after finishing the intervention. The main outcome measures were the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 were included as secondary outcome measures. The Trial Registration no. is NCT01847742. Mixed-model analyses adjusted for the baseline scores indicated a significant effect of group at post-treatment indicating that the EMDR therapy group showed a significantly larger reduction of PTSD symptoms as assessed with the HTQ. Similar findings were found on the other outcome measures. There was no effect of time or group × time interaction on any measure, showing that the difference between the groups at the post-treatment was maintained to the 5-week follow-up. EMDR may be effective in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees with PTSD located in a refugee camp. Background Previous research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD for victims of natural disasters, car accidents or other traumatic events. The current study examined the effect of EMDR on symptoms of PTSD and depression by comparing the treatment with a wait-list control condition in Syrian refugees. Method Adult refugees located in Kilis Refugee Camp at the Turkish-Syrian border with a PTSD diagnosis were randomly allocated to either EMDR ( n = 37) or wait-list control ( n = 33) conditions. All participants were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus at pre-intervention, at 1 week after finishing the intervention and at 5 weeks after finishing the intervention. The main outcome measures were the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 were included as secondary outcome measures. The Trial Registration no. is NCT01847742. Results Mixed-model analyses adjusted for the baseline scores indicated a significant effect of group at post-treatment indicating that the EMDR therapy group showed a significantly larger reduction of PTSD symptoms as assessed with the HTQ. Similar findings were found on the other outcome measures. There was no effect of time or group × time interaction on any measure, showing that the difference between the groups at the post-treatment was maintained to the 5-week follow-up. Conclusions EMDR may be effective in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees with PTSD located in a refugee camp. BACKGROUNDPrevious research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD for victims of natural disasters, car accidents or other traumatic events. The current study examined the effect of EMDR on symptoms of PTSD and depression by comparing the treatment with a wait-list control condition in Syrian refugees.METHODAdult refugees located in Kilis Refugee Camp at the Turkish-Syrian border with a PTSD diagnosis were randomly allocated to either EMDR (n = 37) or wait-list control (n = 33) conditions. All participants were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus at pre-intervention, at 1 week after finishing the intervention and at 5 weeks after finishing the intervention. The main outcome measures were the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 were included as secondary outcome measures. The Trial Registration no. is NCT01847742.RESULTSMixed-model analyses adjusted for the baseline scores indicated a significant effect of group at post-treatment indicating that the EMDR therapy group showed a significantly larger reduction of PTSD symptoms as assessed with the HTQ. Similar findings were found on the other outcome measures. There was no effect of time or group × time interaction on any measure, showing that the difference between the groups at the post-treatment was maintained to the 5-week follow-up.CONCLUSIONSEMDR may be effective in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees with PTSD located in a refugee camp.
Author	Cetinkaya, M. Sijbrandij, M. Konuk, E. Gulen, B. Acarturk, C. Cuijpers, P. Senay, I.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: C. surname: Acarturk fullname: Acarturk, C. email: cerenacarturk@sehir.edu.tr organization: Department of Psychology, Istanbul Şehir University, Istanbul, Turkey – sequence: 2 givenname: E. surname: Konuk fullname: Konuk, E. organization: Institute for Behavioral Studies, Istanbul, Turkey – sequence: 3 givenname: M. surname: Cetinkaya fullname: Cetinkaya, M. organization: Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey – sequence: 4 givenname: I. surname: Senay fullname: Senay, I. organization: Department of Psychology, Istanbul Şehir University, Istanbul, Turkey – sequence: 5 givenname: M. surname: Sijbrandij fullname: Sijbrandij, M. organization: Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands – sequence: 6 givenname: B. surname: Gulen fullname: Gulen, B. organization: Kilis Refugee Camp, Kilis, Turkey – sequence: 7 givenname: P. surname: Cuijpers fullname: Cuijpers, P. organization: Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Snippet	Previous research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement desensitization and... Background Previous research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement desensitization... BACKGROUNDPrevious research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement desensitization...
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SubjectTerms	Adult Analysis Depression Depression - therapy Disasters Efficacy Eye movement desensitization Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - methods Eye movements Female Group therapy Groups Humans Intervention Male Measures Mental depression Natural disasters Original Articles Outcome Assessment (Health Care) Post traumatic stress disorder Psychiatry Refugee camps Refugees Refugees - psychology Registration Single-Blind Method Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - therapy Symptoms Syria Trauma Turkey
Title	The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: results of a randomized controlled trial
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