Multi Expression Programming Model for Strength Prediction of Fly-Ash-Treated Alkali-Contaminated Soils
Rapid industrialization is leading to the pollution of underground natural soil by alkali concentration which may cause problems for the existing expansive soil in the form of producing expanding lattices. This research investigates the effect of stabilizing alkali-contaminated soil by using fly ash...
Uloženo v:
| Vydáno v: | Materials Ročník 15; číslo 11; s. 4025 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
06.06.2022
MDPI |
| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 1996-1944, 1996-1944 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
| Tagy: |
Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
|
| Abstract | Rapid industrialization is leading to the pollution of underground natural soil by alkali concentration which may cause problems for the existing expansive soil in the form of producing expanding lattices. This research investigates the effect of stabilizing alkali-contaminated soil by using fly ash. The influence of alkali concentration (2 N and 4 N) and curing period (up to 28 days) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fly ash (FA)-treated (10%, 15%, and 20%) alkali-contaminated kaolin and black cotton (BC) soils was investigated. The effect of incorporating different dosages of FA (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils was also studied. Sufficient laboratory test data comprising 384 data points were collected, and multi expression programming (MEP) was used to create tree-based models for yielding simple prediction equations to compute the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils. The experimental results reflected that alkali contamination resulted in reduced UCS (36% and 46%, respectively) for the kaolin and BC soil, whereas the addition of FA resulted in a linear rise in the UCS. The optimal dosage was found to be 20%, and the increase in UCS may be attributed to the alkali-induced pozzolanic reaction and subsequent gain of the UCS due to the formation of calcium-based hydration compounds (with FA addition). Furthermore, the developed models showed reliable performance in the training and validation stages in terms of regression slopes, R, MAE, RMSE, and RSE indices. Models were also validated using parametric and sensitivity analysis which yielded comparable variation while the contribution of each input was consistent with the available literature. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Rapid industrialization is leading to the pollution of underground natural soil by alkali concentration which may cause problems for the existing expansive soil in the form of producing expanding lattices. This research investigates the effect of stabilizing alkali-contaminated soil by using fly ash. The influence of alkali concentration (2 N and 4 N) and curing period (up to 28 days) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fly ash (FA)-treated (10%, 15%, and 20%) alkali-contaminated kaolin and black cotton (BC) soils was investigated. The effect of incorporating different dosages of FA (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils was also studied. Sufficient laboratory test data comprising 384 data points were collected, and multi expression programming (MEP) was used to create tree-based models for yielding simple prediction equations to compute the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils. The experimental results reflected that alkali contamination resulted in reduced UCS (36% and 46%, respectively) for the kaolin and BC soil, whereas the addition of FA resulted in a linear rise in the UCS. The optimal dosage was found to be 20%, and the increase in UCS may be attributed to the alkali-induced pozzolanic reaction and subsequent gain of the UCS due to the formation of calcium-based hydration compounds (with FA addition). Furthermore, the developed models showed reliable performance in the training and validation stages in terms of regression slopes, R, MAE, RMSE, and RSE indices. Models were also validated using parametric and sensitivity analysis which yielded comparable variation while the contribution of each input was consistent with the available literature. Rapid industrialization is leading to the pollution of underground natural soil by alkali concentration which may cause problems for the existing expansive soil in the form of producing expanding lattices. This research investigates the effect of stabilizing alkali-contaminated soil by using fly ash. The influence of alkali concentration (2 N and 4 N) and curing period (up to 28 days) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fly ash (FA)-treated (10%, 15%, and 20%) alkali-contaminated kaolin and black cotton (BC) soils was investigated. The effect of incorporating different dosages of FA (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils was also studied. Sufficient laboratory test data comprising 384 data points were collected, and multi expression programming (MEP) was used to create tree-based models for yielding simple prediction equations to compute the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils. The experimental results reflected that alkali contamination resulted in reduced UCS (36% and 46%, respectively) for the kaolin and BC soil, whereas the addition of FA resulted in a linear rise in the UCS. The optimal dosage was found to be 20%, and the increase in UCS may be attributed to the alkali-induced pozzolanic reaction and subsequent gain of the UCS due to the formation of calcium-based hydration compounds (with FA addition). Furthermore, the developed models showed reliable performance in the training and validation stages in terms of regression slopes, R, MAE, RMSE, and RSE indices. Models were also validated using parametric and sensitivity analysis which yielded comparable variation while the contribution of each input was consistent with the available literature.Rapid industrialization is leading to the pollution of underground natural soil by alkali concentration which may cause problems for the existing expansive soil in the form of producing expanding lattices. This research investigates the effect of stabilizing alkali-contaminated soil by using fly ash. The influence of alkali concentration (2 N and 4 N) and curing period (up to 28 days) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fly ash (FA)-treated (10%, 15%, and 20%) alkali-contaminated kaolin and black cotton (BC) soils was investigated. The effect of incorporating different dosages of FA (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils was also studied. Sufficient laboratory test data comprising 384 data points were collected, and multi expression programming (MEP) was used to create tree-based models for yielding simple prediction equations to compute the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils. The experimental results reflected that alkali contamination resulted in reduced UCS (36% and 46%, respectively) for the kaolin and BC soil, whereas the addition of FA resulted in a linear rise in the UCS. The optimal dosage was found to be 20%, and the increase in UCS may be attributed to the alkali-induced pozzolanic reaction and subsequent gain of the UCS due to the formation of calcium-based hydration compounds (with FA addition). Furthermore, the developed models showed reliable performance in the training and validation stages in terms of regression slopes, R, MAE, RMSE, and RSE indices. Models were also validated using parametric and sensitivity analysis which yielded comparable variation while the contribution of each input was consistent with the available literature. Rapid industrialization is leading to the pollution of underground natural soil by alkali concentration which may cause problems for the existing expansive soil in the form of producing expanding lattices. This research investigates the effect of stabilizing alkali-contaminated soil by using fly ash. The influence of alkali concentration (2 N and 4 N) and curing period (up to 28 days) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fly ash (FA)-treated (10%, 15%, and 20%) alkali-contaminated kaolin and black cotton (BC) soils was investigated. The effect of incorporating different dosages of FA (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the UCS and UCS soils was also studied. Sufficient laboratory test data comprising 384 data points were collected, and multi expression programming (MEP) was used to create tree-based models for yielding simple prediction equations to compute the UCS and UCS soils. The experimental results reflected that alkali contamination resulted in reduced UCS (36% and 46%, respectively) for the kaolin and BC soil, whereas the addition of FA resulted in a linear rise in the UCS. The optimal dosage was found to be 20%, and the increase in UCS may be attributed to the alkali-induced pozzolanic reaction and subsequent gain of the UCS due to the formation of calcium-based hydration compounds (with FA addition). Furthermore, the developed models showed reliable performance in the training and validation stages in terms of regression slopes, R, MAE, RMSE, and RSE indices. Models were also validated using parametric and sensitivity analysis which yielded comparable variation while the contribution of each input was consistent with the available literature. |
| Author | Shalabi, Faisal I. Khan, Kaffayatullah Ashfaq, Mohammed Khan, Mohsin Ali Faraz, Muhammad Iftikhar Jalal, Fazal E. Iqbal, Mudassir Amin, Muhammad Nasir |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Digital Maintenance of Buildings and Infrastructure, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; mudassiriqbal29@sjtu.edu.cn (M.I.); jalal2412@sjtu.edu.cn (F.E.J.) 2 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, India; gmohdashfaq@gmail.com 6 Department of Structural Engineering, Military College of Engineering (MCE), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; moak.pg18mce@nust.edu.pk 7 Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan 8 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University (KFU), Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; mfaraz@kfu.edu.sa 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University (KFU), Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; mgadir@k |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, India; gmohdashfaq@gmail.com – name: 6 Department of Structural Engineering, Military College of Engineering (MCE), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; moak.pg18mce@nust.edu.pk – name: 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University (KFU), Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; mgadir@kfu.edu.sa (M.N.A.); fshalabi@kfu.edu.sa (F.I.S.) – name: 5 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Peshawar 39161, Pakistan – name: 7 Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan – name: 8 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University (KFU), Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; mfaraz@kfu.edu.sa – name: 3 Osaimi Geotechnic Company, Tabuk 31952, Saudi Arabia – name: 4 State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Digital Maintenance of Buildings and Infrastructure, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; mudassiriqbal29@sjtu.edu.cn (M.I.); jalal2412@sjtu.edu.cn (F.E.J.) |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kaffayatullah orcidid: 0000-0001-7994-4642 surname: Khan fullname: Khan, Kaffayatullah – sequence: 2 givenname: Mohammed orcidid: 0000-0002-7027-8134 surname: Ashfaq fullname: Ashfaq, Mohammed – sequence: 3 givenname: Mudassir orcidid: 0000-0002-4317-3978 surname: Iqbal fullname: Iqbal, Mudassir – sequence: 4 givenname: Mohsin Ali surname: Khan fullname: Khan, Mohsin Ali – sequence: 5 givenname: Muhammad Nasir orcidid: 0000-0001-6524-4389 surname: Amin fullname: Amin, Muhammad Nasir – sequence: 6 givenname: Faisal I. orcidid: 0000-0002-3878-0829 surname: Shalabi fullname: Shalabi, Faisal I. – sequence: 7 givenname: Muhammad Iftikhar surname: Faraz fullname: Faraz, Muhammad Iftikhar – sequence: 8 givenname: Fazal E. orcidid: 0000-0003-0019-4274 surname: Jalal fullname: Jalal, Fazal E. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35683324$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNptkV1LHTEQhkOxVKve9AfIgjcibM3Hbj5uCoeDtgWlgvY6ZLPZPdFscppkS_335tSPWjE3k8w8eZmZ9yPY8sEbAD4h-JkQAU8mhVqEGojbd2AHCUFrJJpm68V9G-yndAPLIQRxLD6AbdJSTghudsB4Mbtsq9M_62hSssFXlzGMUU2T9WN1EXrjqiHE6ipH48e8KmXTW503ZBiqM3dXL9Kqvo5GZdNXC3ernK2XwWdVFP7mroJ1aQ-8H5RLZv8x7oKfZ6fXy2_1-Y-v35eL81o3kOYai5azjmrCB9rwjuEOGsgo6TmDSpPWCI4oUoxBTiDDPcGEd-XNezhogwjZBV8edNdzN5leG5-jcnId7aTinQzKyv8r3q7kGH5LUVbTCFwEjh4FYvg1m5TlZJM2zilvwpwkpqylZeWMF_TwFXoT5ujLeBuqIUxAggp18LKj51aePCjA8QOgY0gpmuEZQVBuPJb_PC4wfAVrm9XGjjKNdW99uQckwqfP |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e21601 crossref_primary_10_3390_ma15186477 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2024_137809 crossref_primary_10_1002_suco_70063 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cpc_2025_109649 crossref_primary_10_3390_app13031768 crossref_primary_10_1002_suco_202200344 crossref_primary_10_3390_sym14112324 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10064_023_03537_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12145_024_01482_5 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_78050_w crossref_primary_10_3390_ma15217412 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cscm_2022_e01610 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.025 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001833 10.1016/j.istruc.2020.02.028 10.1007/s10661-018-6719-y 10.1155/2018/8595419 10.1061/JPWEAM.0000712 10.1007/978-981-13-7017-5_16 10.1080/17797179.2017.1386023 10.1016/j.scient.2011.09.002 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.04.014 10.1155/2020/1510969 10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106239 10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100608 10.25088/ComplexSystems.14.4.285 10.1007/s00521-012-1144-6 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.01.025 10.1109/ICMAE.2019.8880941 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118289 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2011.09.014 10.1016/j.istruc.2020.06.011 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.089 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112420 10.1139/t06-048 10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001744 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00210-5 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.08.008 10.1155/2021/6686347 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125287 10.1109/ICMAE.2018.8467631 10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100358 10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105758 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.147 10.2507/IJSIMM19-1-501 10.1007/s00366-009-0140-7 10.1007/s10706-005-1137-7 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109134 10.1617/s11527-021-01783-x 10.1007/s10706-007-9146-3 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121322 10.1061/AJGEB6.0001273 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146524 10.1007/s12665-009-0260-9 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121082 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001897 10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012106 10.1007/s00521-008-0208-0 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000154 10.3846/13923730.2014.893910 10.1007/s00521-015-2078-6 10.1016/j.cageo.2008.10.015 10.31219/osf.io/bwm4k 10.1680/grim.2009.162.4.167 10.1007/s12205-021-0431-0 10.3208/sandf1972.34.2_13 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111315 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.03.011 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2022 by the authors. 2022 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2022 by the authors. 2022 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION NPM 7SR 8FD 8FE 8FG ABJCF ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR BGLVJ CCPQU D1I DWQXO HCIFZ JG9 KB. PDBOC PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PKEHL PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS 7X8 5PM |
| DOI | 10.3390/ma15114025 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef PubMed Engineered Materials Abstracts Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Technology Collection Materials Science & Engineering Collection ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central Technology Collection ProQuest One ProQuest Materials Science Collection ProQuest Central SciTech Premium Collection Materials Research Database Materials Science Database Materials Science Collection ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef PubMed Publicly Available Content Database Materials Research Database Technology Collection Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials Materials Science Collection ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences Engineered Materials Abstracts ProQuest Central Korea Materials Science Database ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Materials Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Materials Science & Engineering Collection ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | Publicly Available Content Database MEDLINE - Academic CrossRef PubMed |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: KB. name: Materials Science Database url: http://search.proquest.com/materialsscijournals sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1996-1944 |
| ExternalDocumentID | PMC9182492 35683324 10_3390_ma15114025 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia grantid: GRANT556 |
| GroupedDBID | 29M 2WC 2XV 53G 5GY 5VS 8FE 8FG AADQD AAFWJ AAHBH AAYXX ABDBF ABJCF ACUHS ADBBV ADMLS AENEX AFFHD AFKRA AFZYC ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS BCNDV BENPR BGLVJ CCPQU CITATION CZ9 D1I E3Z EBS ESX FRP GX1 HCIFZ HH5 HYE I-F IAO ITC KB. KC. KQ8 MK~ MODMG M~E OK1 OVT P2P PDBOC PGMZT PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PQGLB PROAC RPM TR2 TUS GROUPED_DOAJ NPM 7SR 8FD ABUWG AZQEC DWQXO JG9 PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS 7X8 PUEGO 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-29587b6c38f648b72b0e0763d870ac35e98161a77083072d3238b1a78d0fce133 |
| IEDL.DBID | BENPR |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 16 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000809896500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1996-1944 |
| IngestDate | Tue Nov 04 02:02:24 EST 2025 Thu Sep 04 15:25:16 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 25 12:07:04 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:25:58 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:38:53 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:19:43 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 11 |
| Keywords | alkali contamination unconfined compression strength black cotton soil kaolin soil curing MEP modeling |
| Language | English |
| License | Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c406t-29587b6c38f648b72b0e0763d870ac35e98161a77083072d3238b1a78d0fce133 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7027-8134 0000-0002-4317-3978 0000-0002-3878-0829 0000-0001-7994-4642 0000-0001-6524-4389 0000-0003-0019-4274 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.proquest.com/docview/2674379031?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication% |
| PMID | 35683324 |
| PQID | 2674379031 |
| PQPubID | 2032366 |
| ParticipantIDs | pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9182492 proquest_miscellaneous_2675615178 proquest_journals_2674379031 pubmed_primary_35683324 crossref_primary_10_3390_ma15114025 crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_ma15114025 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 20220606 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-06-06 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 6 year: 2022 text: 20220606 day: 6 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Switzerland |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Switzerland – name: Basel |
| PublicationTitle | Materials |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Materials (Basel) |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG MDPI |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG – name: MDPI |
| References | Sivapullaiah (ref_6) 2010; 60 DiGioia (ref_13) 1972; 98 Sinha (ref_25) 2007; 26 Alavi (ref_39) 2009; 26 Kaloop (ref_59) 2021; 148 Rakhimova (ref_11) 2019; 509 ref_19 Fallahpour (ref_44) 2015; 28 Bong (ref_27) 2020; 207 Moghal (ref_8) 2017; 29 Sivapullaiah (ref_4) 2009; 162 Alavi (ref_55) 2013; 23 Fallahpour (ref_45) 2020; 283 Bhatti (ref_20) 2020; 19 Liu (ref_62) 2020; 268 Gray (ref_14) 1972; 98 ref_23 Mousavi (ref_37) 2012; 45 Singh (ref_16) 1999; 29 Azim (ref_50) 2020; 27 ref_21 ref_64 Biswas (ref_46) 2021; 28 Faradonbeh (ref_51) 2018; 190 ref_29 ref_28 Azim (ref_60) 2020; 25 Hanandeh (ref_63) 2020; 24 Gandomi (ref_43) 2015; 21 Indiramma (ref_10) 2020; 22 Johari (ref_38) 2011; 18 Rao (ref_1) 1994; 34 Cabalar (ref_40) 2009; 35 (ref_36) 2009; 18 ref_31 Iqbal (ref_32) 2021; 54 Antiohos (ref_17) 2004; 34 Iqbal (ref_48) 2021; 780 Jalal (ref_34) 2021; 30 Oltean (ref_41) 2003; 14 Sivapullaiah (ref_3) 2006; 24 Emamgolizadeh (ref_52) 2015; 529 Firat (ref_12) 2017; 35 Fasihnikoutalab (ref_65) 2017; 29 Sivapullaiah (ref_2) 2006; 43 Jalal (ref_33) 2021; 289 Singh (ref_18) 1996; 1 Ali (ref_22) 2017; 26 ref_42 Azim (ref_61) 2021; 25 Babanajad (ref_54) 2017; 110 Leonards (ref_15) 1982; 108 Wang (ref_35) 2020; 276 ref_49 Bardhan (ref_58) 2021; 291 ref_9 Iqbal (ref_57) 2020; 384 Iqbal (ref_30) 2021; 232 ref_5 Nazari (ref_53) 2013; 40 Gandomi (ref_56) 2011; 23 Aswed (ref_24) 2020; Volume 671 Naqvi (ref_26) 2018; 233 ref_7 Biswas (ref_47) 2020; 5 |
| References_xml | – ident: ref_9 – ident: ref_5 – volume: 529 start-page: 1590 year: 2015 ident: ref_52 article-title: Estimation of soil cation exchange capacity using Genetic Expression Programming (GEP) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) publication-title: J. Hydrol. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.025 – volume: 29 start-page: 06017002 year: 2017 ident: ref_65 article-title: Utilization of Alkali-Activated Olivine in Soil Stabilization and the Effect of Carbonation on Unconfined Compressive Strength and Microstructure publication-title: J. Mater. Civ. Eng. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001833 – volume: 25 start-page: 212 year: 2020 ident: ref_60 article-title: Prediction model for compressive arch action capacity of RC frame structures under column removal scenario using gene expression programming publication-title: Structures doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2020.02.028 – volume: 190 start-page: 351 year: 2018 ident: ref_51 article-title: Development of GP and GEP models to estimate an environmental issue induced by blasting operation publication-title: Environ. Monit. Assess. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018-6719-y – ident: ref_64 doi: 10.1155/2018/8595419 – volume: 98 start-page: 77 year: 1972 ident: ref_13 article-title: Fly ash as structural fill publication-title: J. Power Div. doi: 10.1061/JPWEAM.0000712 – volume: 1 start-page: 547 year: 1996 ident: ref_18 article-title: Utilization of fly ash in geotechnical construction publication-title: Proc. Indian Geotech. Conf. – ident: ref_19 doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-7017-5_16 – volume: 26 start-page: 584 year: 2017 ident: ref_22 article-title: Effect of baffle size and orientation on lateral sloshing of partially filled containers: A numerical study publication-title: Eur. J. Comput. Mech. doi: 10.1080/17797179.2017.1386023 – volume: 18 start-page: 1002 year: 2011 ident: ref_38 article-title: Prediction of SWCC using artificial intelligent systems: A comparative study publication-title: Sci. Iran. doi: 10.1016/j.scient.2011.09.002 – volume: 40 start-page: 5427 year: 2013 ident: ref_53 article-title: Modeling the compressive strength of geopolymeric binders by gene expression programming-GEP publication-title: Expert Syst. Appl. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.04.014 – ident: ref_42 – ident: ref_7 doi: 10.1155/2020/1510969 – volume: 291 start-page: 106239 year: 2021 ident: ref_58 article-title: Efficient computational techniques for predicting the California bearing ratio of soil in soaked conditions publication-title: Eng. Geol. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106239 – volume: 30 start-page: 100608 year: 2021 ident: ref_34 article-title: Predicting the compaction characteristics of expansive soils using two genetic programming-based algorithms publication-title: Transp. Geotech. doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100608 – volume: 14 start-page: 285 year: 2003 ident: ref_41 article-title: A comparison of several linear genetic programming techniques publication-title: Complex Syst. doi: 10.25088/ComplexSystems.14.4.285 – volume: 23 start-page: 1771 year: 2013 ident: ref_55 article-title: Design equations for prediction of pressuremeter soil deformation moduli utilizing expression programming systems publication-title: Neural Comput. Appl. doi: 10.1007/s00521-012-1144-6 – volume: 509 start-page: 31 year: 2019 ident: ref_11 article-title: Toward clean cement technologies: A review on alkali-activated fly-ash cements incorporated with supplementary materials publication-title: J. Non-Cryst. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.01.025 – ident: ref_31 doi: 10.1109/ICMAE.2019.8880941 – volume: 207 start-page: 118289 year: 2020 ident: ref_27 article-title: Artificial neural network approach for co-pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris and peanut shell binary mixtures using microalgae ash catalyst publication-title: Energy doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118289 – volume: 45 start-page: 105 year: 2012 ident: ref_37 article-title: A new predictive model for compressive strength of HPC using gene expression programming publication-title: Adv. Eng. Softw. doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2011.09.014 – volume: 27 start-page: 1231 year: 2020 ident: ref_50 article-title: Semi-analytical model for compressive arch action capacity of RC frame structures publication-title: Structures doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2020.06.011 – volume: 35 start-page: 747 year: 2017 ident: ref_12 article-title: Effect of curing time on selected properties of soil stabilized with fly ash, marble dust and waste sand for road sub-base materials publication-title: Waste Manag. Res. J. A Sustain. Circ. Econ. – volume: 233 start-page: 529 year: 2018 ident: ref_26 article-title: Pyrolysis of high-ash sewage sludge: Thermo-kinetic study using TGA and artificial neural networks publication-title: Fuel doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.089 – volume: 289 start-page: 112420 year: 2021 ident: ref_33 article-title: Predictive modeling of swell-strength of expansive soils using artificial intelligence approaches: ANN, ANFIS and GEP publication-title: J. Environ. Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112420 – volume: 43 start-page: 969 year: 2006 ident: ref_2 article-title: Effect of zeolitization on the volume-change behaviour of kaolinitic soils publication-title: Can. Geotech. J. doi: 10.1139/t06-048 – volume: 98 start-page: 361 year: 1972 ident: ref_14 article-title: Engineering properties of compacted fly ash publication-title: J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. doi: 10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001744 – volume: 29 start-page: 309 year: 1999 ident: ref_16 article-title: Cementitious binder from fly ash and other industrial wastes publication-title: Cem. Concr. Res. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00210-5 – volume: 34 start-page: 769 year: 2004 ident: ref_17 article-title: Activation of fly ash cementitious systems in the presence of quicklime: Part I. Compressive strength and pozzolanic reaction rate publication-title: Cem. Concr. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.08.008 – ident: ref_28 – ident: ref_23 doi: 10.1155/2021/6686347 – volume: 283 start-page: 125287 year: 2020 ident: ref_45 article-title: An evolutionary-based predictive soft computing model for the prediction of electricity consumption using multi expression programming publication-title: J. Clean. Prod. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125287 – ident: ref_21 doi: 10.1109/ICMAE.2018.8467631 – volume: 24 start-page: 100358 year: 2020 ident: ref_63 article-title: Using artificial neural network and genetics algorithm to estimate the resilient modulus for stabilized subgrade and propose new empirical formula publication-title: Transp. Geotech. doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100358 – volume: 276 start-page: 105758 year: 2020 ident: ref_35 article-title: High performance prediction of soil compaction parameters using multi expression programming publication-title: Eng. Geol. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105758 – volume: 22 start-page: 694 year: 2020 ident: ref_10 article-title: Utilization of fly ash and lime to stabilize the expansive soil and to sustain pollution free environment—An experimental study publication-title: Mater. Today Proc. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.147 – volume: 19 start-page: 53 year: 2020 ident: ref_20 article-title: Design and Optimization of 6-DOF Platform Top Plate under Realistic Joint Conditions publication-title: Int. J. Simul. Model. doi: 10.2507/IJSIMM19-1-501 – volume: 26 start-page: 111 year: 2009 ident: ref_39 article-title: Multi expression programming: A new approach to formulation of soil classification publication-title: Eng. Comput. doi: 10.1007/s00366-009-0140-7 – volume: 24 start-page: 1115 year: 2006 ident: ref_3 article-title: Manju Ferric chloride treatment to control alakli induced heave in weathered red earth publication-title: Geotech. Geol. Eng. doi: 10.1007/s10706-005-1137-7 – volume: 232 start-page: 109134 year: 2021 ident: ref_30 article-title: Computational AI prediction models for residual tensile strength of GFRP bars aged in the alkaline concrete environment publication-title: Ocean Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109134 – volume: 54 start-page: 1 year: 2021 ident: ref_32 article-title: Evaluation of tensile strength degradation of GFRP rebars in harsh alkaline conditions using non-linear genetic-based models publication-title: Mater. Struct. doi: 10.1617/s11527-021-01783-x – volume: 26 start-page: 47 year: 2007 ident: ref_25 article-title: Artificial Neural Network Prediction Models for Soil Compaction and Permeability publication-title: Geotech. Geol. Eng. doi: 10.1007/s10706-007-9146-3 – volume: 384 start-page: 121322 year: 2020 ident: ref_57 article-title: Prediction of mechanical properties of green concrete incorporating waste foundry sand based on gene expression programming publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121322 – volume: 108 start-page: 517 year: 1982 ident: ref_15 article-title: Pulverized coal ash as structural fill publication-title: J. Geotech. Eng. Div. doi: 10.1061/AJGEB6.0001273 – volume: 780 start-page: 146524 year: 2021 ident: ref_48 article-title: Sustainable utilization of foundry waste: Forecasting mechanical properties of foundry sand based concrete using multi-expression programming publication-title: Sci. Total Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146524 – volume: 60 start-page: 1189 year: 2010 ident: ref_6 article-title: Mineralogical changes and geotechnical properties of an expansive soil interacted with caustic solution publication-title: Environ. Earth Sci. doi: 10.1007/s12665-009-0260-9 – volume: 268 start-page: 121082 year: 2020 ident: ref_62 article-title: Prediction of chloride diffusivity in concrete using artificial neural network: Modelling and performance evaluation publication-title: Constr. Build. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121082 – volume: 29 start-page: 04017072 year: 2017 ident: ref_8 article-title: State-of-the-Art Review on the Role of Fly Ashes in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Applications publication-title: J. Mater. Civ. Eng. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001897 – ident: ref_29 – volume: Volume 671 start-page: 012106 year: 2020 ident: ref_24 article-title: Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Predicting Subbase CBR Values Using Soil Indices Data publication-title: Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012106 – volume: 18 start-page: 1031 year: 2009 ident: ref_36 article-title: Prediction of compressive and tensile strength of Gaziantep basalts via neural networks and gene expression programming publication-title: Neural Comput. Appl. doi: 10.1007/s00521-008-0208-0 – volume: 23 start-page: 248 year: 2011 ident: ref_56 article-title: Nonlinear Genetic-Based Models for Prediction of Flow Number of Asphalt Mixtures publication-title: J. Mater. Civ. Eng. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000154 – volume: 5 start-page: 190 year: 2020 ident: ref_47 article-title: Effect of cementing efficiency factor on the mechanical properties of concrete incorporating silica fume publication-title: J. Struct. Integr. Maint. – volume: 21 start-page: 761 year: 2015 ident: ref_43 article-title: New design equations for elastic modulus of concrete using multi expression programming publication-title: J. Civ. Eng. Manag. doi: 10.3846/13923730.2014.893910 – volume: 28 start-page: 499 year: 2015 ident: ref_44 article-title: A hybrid model for supplier selection: Integration of AHP and multi expression programming (MEP) publication-title: Neural Comput. Appl. doi: 10.1007/s00521-015-2078-6 – volume: 35 start-page: 1884 year: 2009 ident: ref_40 article-title: Genetic programming-based attenuation relationship: An application of recent earthquakes in turkey publication-title: Comput. Geosci. doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2008.10.015 – ident: ref_49 doi: 10.31219/osf.io/bwm4k – volume: 162 start-page: 167 year: 2009 ident: ref_4 article-title: Fly ash to control alkali-induced volume changes in soils publication-title: Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.-Ground Improv. doi: 10.1680/grim.2009.162.4.167 – volume: 25 start-page: 891 year: 2021 ident: ref_61 article-title: Prediction of Catenary Action Capacity of RC Beam-Column Substructures under a Missing Column Scenario Using Evolutionary Algorithm publication-title: KSCE J. Civ. Eng. doi: 10.1007/s12205-021-0431-0 – volume: 28 start-page: 221 year: 2021 ident: ref_46 article-title: Efficient soft computing techniques for the prediction of compressive strength of geopolymer concrete publication-title: Comput. Concr. – volume: 34 start-page: 13 year: 1994 ident: ref_1 article-title: Ground Heave from Caustic Soda Solution Spillage—A Case Study publication-title: Soils Found. doi: 10.3208/sandf1972.34.2_13 – volume: 148 start-page: 111315 year: 2021 ident: ref_59 article-title: Novel application of adaptive swarm intelligence techniques coupled with adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system in predicting photovoltaic power publication-title: Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111315 – volume: 110 start-page: 55 year: 2017 ident: ref_54 article-title: New prediction models for concrete ultimate strength under true-triaxial stress states: An evolutionary approach publication-title: Adv. Eng. Softw. doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.03.011 |
| SSID | ssj0000331829 |
| Score | 2.417394 |
| Snippet | Rapid industrialization is leading to the pollution of underground natural soil by alkali concentration which may cause problems for the existing expansive... |
| SourceID | pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | 4025 |
| SubjectTerms | Artificial intelligence By products Calcium compounds Chromosomes Clay Compressive strength Cotton Curing Data points Efficiency Engineering Expansive soils Fly ash Genes Kaolin Laboratories Laboratory tests Lattices Parameter sensitivity Pollutants Sensitivity analysis Soil contamination Soil investigations Soil pollution Soil stabilization |
| Title | Multi Expression Programming Model for Strength Prediction of Fly-Ash-Treated Alkali-Contaminated Soils |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35683324 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2674379031 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2675615178 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9182492 |
| Volume | 15 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000809896500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 1996-1944 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331829 issn: 1996-1944 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20080101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Materials Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1996-1944 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331829 issn: 1996-1944 databaseCode: KB. dateStart: 20080101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/materialsscijournals providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1996-1944 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331829 issn: 1996-1944 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20080101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1996-1944 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331829 issn: 1996-1944 databaseCode: PIMPY dateStart: 20080101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent providerName: ProQuest |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Lb9QwEB7RlgMcyrOQUiojuHAwDc7D9glt0a5AwCqCIi2nyHGc7oo0Kc22Kv-emSSbbgFx4eh4pFiasf3Nw98AvFBZngciiHkUOHRQlNDcZCbmr1VmijwjCNBS5n-U06mazXTSB9yavqxydSa2B3VeW4qRHwiqlpcabfDN6Q9OXaMou9q30NiALWIqQzvfOhxPk89DlMUP0GaF7nhJA_TvD04M3nHoVVBv7PWb6A94-XuV5Nq1M7nzvwu-C9s94GSjzkLuwQ1X3YfbazSED-C4fYXLxpd9UWzFkq5q6wSnGXVLKxliW0YZ7Op4OcdpSu-QSlldsEn5k4-aOT8i_OlyNiq_I7jnxHtlqNCGvn2pF2XzEL5Oxkdv3_G-AQO3eM8vudCRkllsA1XEocqkyHzn44GU4yY3NoicVggYjZSI43wpSOkqw7HK_cI69H53YLOqK_cYmETg5YxvhJB5aONCyyLMIxNGFiGi0ZkHL1fKSG3PTk5NMsoUvRRSXHqlOA-eD7KnHSfHX6X2VnpJ-33ZpFdK8eDZMI07itIkpnL1eSsTEc6TyoNHnQkMvwmiWAWIQT2Q14xjECC27usz1WLesnZrNMRQi91_L-sJ3BL0wILiPPEebC7Pzt1TuGkvlovmbB825Ezt90aOow-Hr3CUvP-UfPsFdMIJqg |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB5VWyTgwBsaKGAEHDhETe0ktg8IraCrrrpdrcQilVNwEqe7apqUZgv0T_EbmUmy6RYQtx44JjNSHv488409ngF4peI0FVyEbiAsBiiKa9fEJnS3VWyyNCYKUJfMH8nxWB0c6Mka_FyehaG0yqVNrA11Wia0Rr7FKVteasTgu5OvLnWNot3VZQuNBhZ79vw7hmzV2-EHHN_XnA92pu933bargJug81q4XAdKxmEiVBb6KpY89iwG8yJF5JpEBFYrZEFGSiQnnuT0JSrGa5V6WWK3aQEUTf66T2DvwfpkuD_53K3qeALnCNdNHVQhtLd1bNCnYhRDvbhXPd8fdPb3rMwVNze4_b_9oDtwqyXUrN_MgLuwZot7cHOlzOJ9OKxPGbOdH23Sb8EmTVbaMYoZdYPLGXJ3Rjv0xeFihmLaviLIsjJjg_zc7Vczd0r82qasnx9h8OJSXS9DiUR072M5z6sH8OlKvvQh9IqysBvAJBJLazzDuUz9JMy0zPw0MH6QIAU2OnbgzXLwo6Stvk5NQPIIozACSnQBFAdedronTc2Rv2ptLnEQtXanii5A4MCLTowWg7aBTGHLs1onIB4rlQOPGsh1jxFBqARybAfkJTB2ClSN_LKkmM_qquQage9r_vjfr_Ucru9O90fRaDjeewI3OB0moTWtcBN6i9Mz-xSuJd8W8-r0WTu1GHy5arD-AnYGX7I |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB5VW4TgwPsRKGAEHDhEm9pJbB8QWtGuWLWsIlGkckqdxOmuSJPS3QL9a_w6ZvLqFhC3HjgmHilx8nnmm_F4BuClSrJMcBG6gbDooCiuXZOY0N1UicmzhChAXTJ_V06nan9fR2vwszsLQ2mVnU6sFXVWpRQjH3LKlpcaMTjM27SIaGv89virSx2kaKe1a6fRQGTHnn1H923xZrKF__oV5-PtvXfv3bbDgJuiIVu6XAdKJmEqVB76KpE88Sw69iJDFJtUBFYrZERGSiQqnuQ0K5Xgtcq8PLWbFAxF9b-OlNznA1iPJh-iz32ExxO4XrhuaqIKob3hkUH7ih4N9eVetYJ_UNvfMzRXTN745v_8sW7BjZZos1GzMm7Dmi3vwPWV8ot34bA-fcy2f7TJwCWLmmy1Ixxm1CWuYMjpGe3cl4fLGQ7TthZBmVU5Gxdn7mgxc_eId9uMjYov6NS4VO_LUIIR3ftYzYvFPfh0KTO9D4OyKu1DYBIJpzWe4VxmfhrmWuZ-Fhg_SJEaG5048LoDQpy2VdmpOUgRo3dGoInPQePAi172uKlF8lepjQ4TcauPFvE5IBx43g-jJqHtIVPa6rSWCYjfSuXAgwZ-_WNEECqB3NsBeQGYvQBVKb84Us5ndbVyjYvA1_zRv1_rGVxFhMa7k-nOY7jG6YwJhbrCDRgsT07tE7iSflvOFydP21XG4OCysfoL-M9ocg |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Multi+Expression+Programming+Model+for+Strength+Prediction+of+Fly-Ash-Treated+Alkali-Contaminated+Soils&rft.jtitle=Materials&rft.au=Khan%2C+Kaffayatullah&rft.au=Ashfaq%2C+Mohammed&rft.au=Iqbal%2C+Mudassir&rft.au=Khan%2C+Mohsin+Ali&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft.pub=MDPI&rft.eissn=1996-1944&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fma15114025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35683324&rft.externalDocID=PMC9182492 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1996-1944&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1996-1944&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1996-1944&client=summon |