Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests

Changes in climate and fire regimes are transforming the boreal forest, the world’s largest biome. Boreal North America recently experienced two years with large burned area: 2014 in the Northwest Territories and 2015 in Alaska. Here we use climate, lightning, fire and vegetation data sets to assess...

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Vydáno v:	Nature climate change Ročník 7; číslo 7; s. 529 - 534
Hlavní autoři:	Veraverbeke, Sander, Rogers, Brendan M., Goulden, Mike L., Jandt, Randi R., Miller, Charles E., Wiggins, Elizabeth B., Randerson, James T.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.07.2017 Nature Publishing Group
Témata:	704/158/2454 704/158/2465 Annual variations Area Boreal ecosystems Boreal forests Burning Carbon Climate Climate Change Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts Combustion Dynamics Environment Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice Fires Forests Ignition Interannual variability Lightning Precipitation Temperature effects Treeline Vegetation North America
ISSN:	1758-678X, 1758-6798
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Abstract	Changes in climate and fire regimes are transforming the boreal forest, the world’s largest biome. Boreal North America recently experienced two years with large burned area: 2014 in the Northwest Territories and 2015 in Alaska. Here we use climate, lightning, fire and vegetation data sets to assess the mechanisms contributing to large fire years. We find that lightning ignitions have increased since 1975, and that the 2014 and 2015 events coincided with a record number of lightning ignitions and exceptionally high levels of burning near the northern treeline. Lightning ignition explained more than 55% of the interannual variability in burned area, and was correlated with temperature and precipitation, which are projected to increase by mid-century. The analysis shows that lightning drives interannual and long-term ignition and burned area dynamics in boreal North America, and implies future ignition increases may increase carbon loss while accelerating the northward expansion of boreal forest. The boreal forest is being transformed by changes in its climate–fire regime. Analysis now shows that lightning drives year-to-year and long-term ignition and burned area trends in boreal North America.
AbstractList	Changes in climate and fire regimes are transforming the boreal forest, the world’s largest biome. Boreal North America recently experienced two years with large burned area: 2014 in the Northwest Territories and 2015 in Alaska. Here we use climate, lightning, fire and vegetation data sets to assess the mechanisms contributing to large fire years. We find that lightning ignitions have increased since 1975, and that the 2014 and 2015 events coincided with a record number of lightning ignitions and exceptionally high levels of burning near the northern treeline. Lightning ignition explained more than 55% of the interannual variability in burned area, and was correlated with temperature and precipitation, which are projected to increase by mid-century. The analysis shows that lightning drives interannual and long-term ignition and burned area dynamics in boreal North America, and implies future ignition increases may increase carbon loss while accelerating the northward expansion of boreal forest. The boreal forest is being transformed by changes in its climate–fire regime. Analysis now shows that lightning drives year-to-year and long-term ignition and burned area trends in boreal North America. Changes in climate and fire regimes are transforming the boreal forest, the world's largest biome. Boreal North America recently experienced two years with large burned area: 2014 in the Northwest Territories and 2015 in Alaska. Here we use climate, lightning, fire and vegetation data sets to assess the mechanisms contributing to large fire years. We find that lightning ignitions have increased since 1975, and that the 2014 and 2015 events coincided with a record number of lightning ignitions and exceptionally high levels of burning near the northern treeline. Lightning ignition explained more than 55% of the interannual variability in burned area, and was correlated with temperature and precipitation, which are projected to increase by mid-century. The analysis shows that lightning drives interannual and long-term ignition and burned area dynamics in boreal North America, and implies future ignition increases may increase carbon loss while accelerating the northward expansion of boreal forest.
Author	Veraverbeke, Sander Wiggins, Elizabeth B. Rogers, Brendan M. Randerson, James T. Goulden, Mike L. Jandt, Randi R. Miller, Charles E.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Sander orcidid: 0000-0003-1362-5125 surname: Veraverbeke fullname: Veraverbeke, Sander email: s.s.n.veraverbeke@vu.nl organization: Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam – sequence: 2 givenname: Brendan M. surname: Rogers fullname: Rogers, Brendan M. organization: Woods Hole Research Center – sequence: 3 givenname: Mike L. surname: Goulden fullname: Goulden, Mike L. organization: Department of Earth System Science, University of California – sequence: 4 givenname: Randi R. surname: Jandt fullname: Jandt, Randi R. organization: Alaska Fire Science Consortium, University of Alaska – sequence: 5 givenname: Charles E. surname: Miller fullname: Miller, Charles E. organization: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology – sequence: 6 givenname: Elizabeth B. surname: Wiggins fullname: Wiggins, Elizabeth B. organization: Department of Earth System Science, University of California – sequence: 7 givenname: James T. surname: Randerson fullname: Randerson, James T. organization: Department of Earth System Science, University of California
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ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Springer Nature Limited 2017 Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 2017
Copyright_xml	– notice: Springer Nature Limited 2017 – notice: Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 2017
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DOI	10.1038/nclimate3329
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Snippet	Changes in climate and fire regimes are transforming the boreal forest, the world’s largest biome. Boreal North America recently experienced two years with... Changes in climate and fire regimes are transforming the boreal forest, the world's largest biome. Boreal North America recently experienced two years with...
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SubjectTerms	704/158/2454 704/158/2465 Annual variations Area Boreal ecosystems Boreal forests Burning Carbon Climate Climate Change Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts Combustion Dynamics Environment Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice Fires Forests Ignition Interannual variability Lightning Precipitation Temperature effects Treeline Vegetation
Title	Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests
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