Tamm Review: Management of mixed-severity fire regime forests in Oregon, Washington, and Northern California

•Mixed severity fire regime forests have been strongly impacted by a century of management.•Current climate change and wildfire impacts are entwined with past management.•We review decades of applied research that is relevant to restoring these forests.•We recommend nine strategies that emerge from...

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Published in:	Forest ecology and management Vol. 366; pp. 221 - 250
Main Authors:	Hessburg, Paul F., Spies, Thomas A., Perry, David A., Skinner, Carl N., Taylor, Alan H., Brown, Peter M., Stephens, Scott L., Larson, Andrew J., Churchill, Derek J., Povak, Nicholas A., Singleton, Peter H., McComb, Brenda, Zielinski, William J., Collins, Brandon M., Salter, R. Brion, Keane, John J., Franklin, Jerry F., Riegel, Greg
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier B.V 15.04.2016
Subjects:	California canopy chaparral Climate change drought Early successional habitats fire regime fire resistance Fires Forest management Forest resilience Forests fuels grasslands Habitats Historic indigenous species insects ladders Landscapes logging Management Multi-scale heterogeneity Oregon Patch size distributions planning prescribed burning Resistance risk soil Strigiformes summer Topographic controls Trees understory Washington (state) wildfires wildlife habitats INE, USA, Oregon INE, USA, California INE, USA, Washington Oregon Washington (state) California Resistance Forest resilience Climate change Topographic controls Multi-scale heterogeneity Early successional habitats Patch size distributions
ISSN:	0378-1127, 1872-7042
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	•Mixed severity fire regime forests have been strongly impacted by a century of management.•Current climate change and wildfire impacts are entwined with past management.•We review decades of applied research that is relevant to restoring these forests.•We recommend nine strategies that emerge from that research.•We discuss their usefulness as a framework for conservation and restorative management. Increasingly, objectives for forests with moderate- or mixed-severity fire regimes are to restore successionally diverse landscapes that are resistant and resilient to current and future stressors. Maintaining native species and characteristic processes requires this successional diversity, but methods to achieve it are poorly explained in the literature. In the Inland Pacific US, large, old, early seral trees were a key historical feature of many young and old forest successional patches, especially where fires frequently occurred. Large, old trees are naturally fire-tolerant, but today are often threatened by dense understory cohorts that create fuel ladders that alter likely post-fire successional pathways. Reducing these understories can contribute to resistance by creating conditions where canopy trees will survive disturbances and climatic stressors; these survivors are important seed sources, soil protectors, and critical habitat elements. Historical timber harvesting has skewed tree size and age class distributions, created hard edges, and altered native patch sizes. Manipulating these altered forests to promote development of larger patches of older, larger, and more widely-spaced trees with diverse understories will increase landscape resistance to severe fires, and enhance wildlife habitat for underrepresented conditions. Closed-canopy, multi-layered patches that develop in hot, dry summer environments are vulnerable to droughts, and they increase landscape vulnerability to insect outbreaks and severe wildfires. These same patches provide habitat for species such as the northern spotted owl, which has benefited from increased habitat area. Regional and local planning will be critical for gauging risks, evaluating trade-offs, and restoring dynamics that can support these and other species. The goal will be to manage for heterogeneous landscapes that include variably-sized patches of (1) young, middle-aged, and old, closed-canopy forests growing in upper montane, northerly aspect, and valley bottom settings, (2) a similar diversity of open-canopy, fire-tolerant patches growing on ridgetops, southerly aspects, and lower montane settings, and (3) significant montane chaparral and grassland areas. Tools to achieve this goal include managed wildfire, prescribed burning, and variable density thinning at small to large scales. Specifics on “how much and where?” will vary according to physiographic, topographic and historical templates, and regulatory requirements, and be determined by means of a socio-ecological process.
AbstractList	•Mixed severity fire regime forests have been strongly impacted by a century of management.•Current climate change and wildfire impacts are entwined with past management.•We review decades of applied research that is relevant to restoring these forests.•We recommend nine strategies that emerge from that research.•We discuss their usefulness as a framework for conservation and restorative management. Increasingly, objectives for forests with moderate- or mixed-severity fire regimes are to restore successionally diverse landscapes that are resistant and resilient to current and future stressors. Maintaining native species and characteristic processes requires this successional diversity, but methods to achieve it are poorly explained in the literature. In the Inland Pacific US, large, old, early seral trees were a key historical feature of many young and old forest successional patches, especially where fires frequently occurred. Large, old trees are naturally fire-tolerant, but today are often threatened by dense understory cohorts that create fuel ladders that alter likely post-fire successional pathways. Reducing these understories can contribute to resistance by creating conditions where canopy trees will survive disturbances and climatic stressors; these survivors are important seed sources, soil protectors, and critical habitat elements. Historical timber harvesting has skewed tree size and age class distributions, created hard edges, and altered native patch sizes. Manipulating these altered forests to promote development of larger patches of older, larger, and more widely-spaced trees with diverse understories will increase landscape resistance to severe fires, and enhance wildlife habitat for underrepresented conditions. Closed-canopy, multi-layered patches that develop in hot, dry summer environments are vulnerable to droughts, and they increase landscape vulnerability to insect outbreaks and severe wildfires. These same patches provide habitat for species such as the northern spotted owl, which has benefited from increased habitat area. Regional and local planning will be critical for gauging risks, evaluating trade-offs, and restoring dynamics that can support these and other species. The goal will be to manage for heterogeneous landscapes that include variably-sized patches of (1) young, middle-aged, and old, closed-canopy forests growing in upper montane, northerly aspect, and valley bottom settings, (2) a similar diversity of open-canopy, fire-tolerant patches growing on ridgetops, southerly aspects, and lower montane settings, and (3) significant montane chaparral and grassland areas. Tools to achieve this goal include managed wildfire, prescribed burning, and variable density thinning at small to large scales. Specifics on “how much and where?” will vary according to physiographic, topographic and historical templates, and regulatory requirements, and be determined by means of a socio-ecological process. Increasingly, objectives for forests with moderate- or mixed-severity fire regimes are to restore successionally diverse landscapes that are resistant and resilient to current and future stressors. Maintaining native species and characteristic processes requires this successional diversity, but methods to achieve it are poorly explained in the literature. In the Inland Pacific US, large, old, early seral trees were a key historical feature of many young and old forest successional patches, especially where fires frequently occurred. Large, old trees are naturally fire-tolerant, but today are often threatened by dense understory cohorts that create fuel ladders that alter likely post-fire successional pathways. Reducing these understories can contribute to resistance by creating conditions where canopy trees will survive disturbances and climatic stressors; these survivors are important seed sources, soil protectors, and critical habitat elements. Historical timber harvesting has skewed tree size and age class distributions, created hard edges, and altered native patch sizes. Manipulating these altered forests to promote development of larger patches of older, larger, and more widely-spaced trees with diverse understories will increase landscape resistance to severe fires, and enhance wildlife habitat for underrepresented conditions. Closed-canopy, multi-layered patches that develop in hot, dry summer environments are vulnerable to droughts, and they increase landscape vulnerability to insect outbreaks and severe wildfires. These same patches provide habitat for species such as the northern spotted owl, which has benefited from increased habitat area. Regional and local planning will be critical for gauging risks, evaluating trade-offs, and restoring dynamics that can support these and other species. The goal will be to manage for heterogeneous landscapes that include variably-sized patches of (1) young, middle-aged, and old, closed-canopy forests growing in upper montane, northerly aspect, and valley bottom settings, (2) a similar diversity of open-canopy, fire-tolerant patches growing on ridgetops, southerly aspects, and lower montane settings, and (3) significant montane chaparral and grassland areas. Tools to achieve this goal include managed wildfire, prescribed burning, and variable density thinning at small to large scales. Specifics on "how much and where?" will vary according to physiographic, topographic and historical templates, and regulatory requirements, and be determined by means of a socio-ecological process.
Author	Hessburg, Paul F. Salter, R. Brion Keane, John J. Stephens, Scott L. Larson, Andrew J. Skinner, Carl N. Riegel, Greg Singleton, Peter H. Zielinski, William J. Brown, Peter M. Franklin, Jerry F. Churchill, Derek J. Taylor, Alan H. Spies, Thomas A. McComb, Brenda Perry, David A. Collins, Brandon M. Povak, Nicholas A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Paul F. surname: Hessburg fullname: Hessburg, Paul F. email: phessburg@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1133 North Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801-1229, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Thomas A. surname: Spies fullname: Spies, Thomas A. email: tspies@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: David A. surname: Perry fullname: Perry, David A. email: dave_perry38@msn.com organization: Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Carl N. surname: Skinner fullname: Skinner, Carl N. email: rxfuego@gmail.com organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redding, CA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Alan H. surname: Taylor fullname: Taylor, Alan H. email: aht1@psu.edu organization: Department of Geography & Earth & Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Peter M. surname: Brown fullname: Brown, Peter M. email: pmb@rmtrr.org organization: Rocky Mountain Tree Ring Research, 2901 Moore Lane, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Scott L. surname: Stephens fullname: Stephens, Scott L. email: sstephens@berkeley.edu organization: Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Andrew J. surname: Larson fullname: Larson, Andrew J. email: a.larson@umontana.edu organization: College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Derek J. surname: Churchill fullname: Churchill, Derek J. email: derekch@u.washington.edu organization: College of Environment, School of Forest Resources, University of Washington, WA, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Nicholas A. surname: Povak fullname: Povak, Nicholas A. email: npovak@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Wenatchee, WA, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: Peter H. surname: Singleton fullname: Singleton, Peter H. email: psingleton@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Wenatchee, WA, USA – sequence: 12 givenname: Brenda surname: McComb fullname: McComb, Brenda email: Brenda.McComb@oregonstate.edu organization: Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA – sequence: 13 givenname: William J. surname: Zielinski fullname: Zielinski, William J. email: bzielinski@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata, CA, USA – sequence: 14 givenname: Brandon M. surname: Collins fullname: Collins, Brandon M. email: bmcollins@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, USA – sequence: 15 givenname: R. Brion surname: Salter fullname: Salter, R. Brion email: bsalter@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Wenatchee, WA, USA – sequence: 16 givenname: John J. surname: Keane fullname: Keane, John J. email: jkeane@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Fresno, CA, USA – sequence: 17 givenname: Jerry F. surname: Franklin fullname: Franklin, Jerry F. email: jff@u.washington.edu organization: College of Environment, School of Forest Resources, University of Washington, WA, USA – sequence: 18 givenname: Greg surname: Riegel fullname: Riegel, Greg email: griegel@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Bend, OR, USA
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Snippet	•Mixed severity fire regime forests have been strongly impacted by a century of management.•Current climate change and wildfire impacts are entwined with past... Increasingly, objectives for forests with moderate- or mixed-severity fire regimes are to restore successionally diverse landscapes that are resistant and...
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SubjectTerms	California canopy chaparral Climate change drought Early successional habitats fire regime fire resistance Fires Forest management Forest resilience Forests fuels grasslands Habitats Historic indigenous species insects ladders Landscapes logging Management Multi-scale heterogeneity Oregon Patch size distributions planning prescribed burning Resistance risk soil Strigiformes summer Topographic controls Trees understory Washington (state) wildfires wildlife habitats
Title	Tamm Review: Management of mixed-severity fire regime forests in Oregon, Washington, and Northern California
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