Explaining Deep Neural Networks and Beyond: A Review of Methods and Applications

With the broader and highly successful usage of machine learning (ML) in industry and the sciences, there has been a growing demand for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). Interpretability and explanation methods for gaining a better understanding of the problem-solving abilities and strategi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 109; no. 3; pp. 247 - 278
Main Authors: Samek, Wojciech, Montavon, Gregoire, Lapuschkin, Sebastian, Anders, Christopher J., Muller, Klaus-Robert
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: New York IEEE 01.03.2021
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects:
Algorithms
Artificial intelligence
Artificial neural networks
Best practice
Best practices
Black-box models
Deep learning
Explainable artificial intelligence
explainable artificial intelligence (XAI)
Interpretability
Machine learning
model transparency
Neural networks
Problem-solving
Systematics
Unsupervised learning
ISSN:0018-9219, 1558-2256
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:With the broader and highly successful usage of machine learning (ML) in industry and the sciences, there has been a growing demand for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). Interpretability and explanation methods for gaining a better understanding of the problem-solving abilities and strategies of nonlinear ML, in particular, deep neural networks, are, therefore, receiving increased attention. In this work, we aim to: 1) provide a timely overview of this active emerging field, with a focus on " post hoc " explanations, and explain its theoretical foundations; 2) put interpretability algorithms to a test both from a theory and comparative evaluation perspective using extensive simulations; 3) outline best practice aspects, i.e., how to best include interpretation methods into the standard usage of ML; and 4) demonstrate successful usage of XAI in a representative selection of application scenarios. Finally, we discuss challenges and possible future directions of this exciting foundational field of ML.
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ISSN:0018-9219
1558-2256
DOI:10.1109/JPROC.2021.3060483