Polychlorinated biphenyls in a grassland food network: Concentrations, biomagnification, and transmission of toxicity

The production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited by the Stockholm Convention in 2001, but the unintentionally produced PCBs are still continuously discharged into the environment. In this study, the distributions, biomagnification and toxicity amplification in a grassland food networ...

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Published in:	The Science of the total environment Vol. 709; p. 135781
Main Authors:	Te, Bu, Yiming, Liu, Tianwei, Li, Huiting, Wang, Pengyuan, Zhao, Wenming, Chen, Jun, Jin
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 20.03.2020
Subjects:	Animals Bioaccumulation detection limit Food Chain Grassland Grassland ecosystem grasslands lipids Magnification Mice muscles PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls Snakes subcutaneous fat Toxicity Transfer trophic levels Transfer PCBs Grassland ecosystem Magnification Toxicity
ISSN:	0048-9697, 1879-1026, 1879-1026
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Abstract	The production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited by the Stockholm Convention in 2001, but the unintentionally produced PCBs are still continuously discharged into the environment. In this study, the distributions, biomagnification and toxicity amplification in a grassland food network (including inorganic environment, animals and vegetation) were investigated. PCB concentrations in various samples were determined, and PCBs appeared to be enriched as the trophic level increased. The PCB concentrations in the inorganic environment samples ranged from below the detection limit to 0.329 ng g−1, and the PCB concentrations in vegetation were 0.0829–4.45 ng g−1. The PCB concentration in snake subcutaneous fat (8.74 ng g−1 lipid weight) was higher than the concentrations in other animal samples, and the next highest concentration was found in yellow weasel muscle (7.31 ng g−1 lipid weight). Biomagnification factors were calculated for different PCBs and different organisms. Biomagnification was most obvious for organisms at the top of the food chain (the snake/mouse biomagnification ratio was >1000). The PCB-126 toxic equivalent concentration increased markedly as the trophic level increased. The toxic equivalent concentrations were 1200 times higher for high trophic level biota than low trophic level biota. PCB-169 had the highest toxic equivalent concentrations for the animal hair samples (0.00001 pg toxic equivalents g−1). However, PCB-81 had the highest toxicity equivalent concentrations for the herdsmen hair samples. PCBs found at relatively low concentrations and low toxic equivalent concentrations at low trophic levels can be biomagnified as they are transferred through the food chain and can reach high actual and toxic equivalent concentrations at high trophic levels. [Display omitted] •PCBs appeared to be enriched as the trophic level increased.•Snake/quarry had BMFs as high as 5000 for PCB-114, -156, and 169.•Up-PCBs (PCB-126, 169) had the highest TEQ concentrations in the organisms.
AbstractList	The production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited by the Stockholm Convention in 2001, but the unintentionally produced PCBs are still continuously discharged into the environment. In this study, the distributions, biomagnification and toxicity amplification in a grassland food network (including inorganic environment, animals and vegetation) were investigated. PCB concentrations in various samples were determined, and PCBs appeared to be enriched as the trophic level increased. The PCB concentrations in the inorganic environment samples ranged from below the detection limit to 0.329 ng g , and the PCB concentrations in vegetation were 0.0829-4.45 ng g . The PCB concentration in snake subcutaneous fat (8.74 ng g lipid weight) was higher than the concentrations in other animal samples, and the next highest concentration was found in yellow weasel muscle (7.31 ng g lipid weight). Biomagnification factors were calculated for different PCBs and different organisms. Biomagnification was most obvious for organisms at the top of the food chain (the snake/mouse biomagnification ratio was >1000). The PCB-126 toxic equivalent concentration increased markedly as the trophic level increased. The toxic equivalent concentrations were 1200 times higher for high trophic level biota than low trophic level biota. PCB-169 had the highest toxic equivalent concentrations for the animal hair samples (0.00001 pg toxic equivalents g ). However, PCB-81 had the highest toxicity equivalent concentrations for the herdsmen hair samples. PCBs found at relatively low concentrations and low toxic equivalent concentrations at low trophic levels can be biomagnified as they are transferred through the food chain and can reach high actual and toxic equivalent concentrations at high trophic levels. The production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited by the Stockholm Convention in 2001, but the unintentionally produced PCBs are still continuously discharged into the environment. In this study, the distributions, biomagnification and toxicity amplification in a grassland food network (including inorganic environment, animals and vegetation) were investigated. PCB concentrations in various samples were determined, and PCBs appeared to be enriched as the trophic level increased. The PCB concentrations in the inorganic environment samples ranged from below the detection limit to 0.329 ng g-1, and the PCB concentrations in vegetation were 0.0829-4.45 ng g-1. The PCB concentration in snake subcutaneous fat (8.74 ng g-1 lipid weight) was higher than the concentrations in other animal samples, and the next highest concentration was found in yellow weasel muscle (7.31 ng g-1 lipid weight). Biomagnification factors were calculated for different PCBs and different organisms. Biomagnification was most obvious for organisms at the top of the food chain (the snake/mouse biomagnification ratio was >1000). The PCB-126 toxic equivalent concentration increased markedly as the trophic level increased. The toxic equivalent concentrations were 1200 times higher for high trophic level biota than low trophic level biota. PCB-169 had the highest toxic equivalent concentrations for the animal hair samples (0.00001 pg toxic equivalents g-1). However, PCB-81 had the highest toxicity equivalent concentrations for the herdsmen hair samples. PCBs found at relatively low concentrations and low toxic equivalent concentrations at low trophic levels can be biomagnified as they are transferred through the food chain and can reach high actual and toxic equivalent concentrations at high trophic levels.The production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited by the Stockholm Convention in 2001, but the unintentionally produced PCBs are still continuously discharged into the environment. In this study, the distributions, biomagnification and toxicity amplification in a grassland food network (including inorganic environment, animals and vegetation) were investigated. PCB concentrations in various samples were determined, and PCBs appeared to be enriched as the trophic level increased. The PCB concentrations in the inorganic environment samples ranged from below the detection limit to 0.329 ng g-1, and the PCB concentrations in vegetation were 0.0829-4.45 ng g-1. The PCB concentration in snake subcutaneous fat (8.74 ng g-1 lipid weight) was higher than the concentrations in other animal samples, and the next highest concentration was found in yellow weasel muscle (7.31 ng g-1 lipid weight). Biomagnification factors were calculated for different PCBs and different organisms. Biomagnification was most obvious for organisms at the top of the food chain (the snake/mouse biomagnification ratio was >1000). The PCB-126 toxic equivalent concentration increased markedly as the trophic level increased. The toxic equivalent concentrations were 1200 times higher for high trophic level biota than low trophic level biota. PCB-169 had the highest toxic equivalent concentrations for the animal hair samples (0.00001 pg toxic equivalents g-1). However, PCB-81 had the highest toxicity equivalent concentrations for the herdsmen hair samples. PCBs found at relatively low concentrations and low toxic equivalent concentrations at low trophic levels can be biomagnified as they are transferred through the food chain and can reach high actual and toxic equivalent concentrations at high trophic levels. The production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited by the Stockholm Convention in 2001, but the unintentionally produced PCBs are still continuously discharged into the environment. In this study, the distributions, biomagnification and toxicity amplification in a grassland food network (including inorganic environment, animals and vegetation) were investigated. PCB concentrations in various samples were determined, and PCBs appeared to be enriched as the trophic level increased. The PCB concentrations in the inorganic environment samples ranged from below the detection limit to 0.329 ng g⁻¹, and the PCB concentrations in vegetation were 0.0829–4.45 ng g⁻¹. The PCB concentration in snake subcutaneous fat (8.74 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight) was higher than the concentrations in other animal samples, and the next highest concentration was found in yellow weasel muscle (7.31 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight). Biomagnification factors were calculated for different PCBs and different organisms. Biomagnification was most obvious for organisms at the top of the food chain (the snake/mouse biomagnification ratio was >1000). The PCB-126 toxic equivalent concentration increased markedly as the trophic level increased. The toxic equivalent concentrations were 1200 times higher for high trophic level biota than low trophic level biota. PCB-169 had the highest toxic equivalent concentrations for the animal hair samples (0.00001 pg toxic equivalents g⁻¹). However, PCB-81 had the highest toxicity equivalent concentrations for the herdsmen hair samples. PCBs found at relatively low concentrations and low toxic equivalent concentrations at low trophic levels can be biomagnified as they are transferred through the food chain and can reach high actual and toxic equivalent concentrations at high trophic levels. The production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited by the Stockholm Convention in 2001, but the unintentionally produced PCBs are still continuously discharged into the environment. In this study, the distributions, biomagnification and toxicity amplification in a grassland food network (including inorganic environment, animals and vegetation) were investigated. PCB concentrations in various samples were determined, and PCBs appeared to be enriched as the trophic level increased. The PCB concentrations in the inorganic environment samples ranged from below the detection limit to 0.329 ng g−1, and the PCB concentrations in vegetation were 0.0829–4.45 ng g−1. The PCB concentration in snake subcutaneous fat (8.74 ng g−1 lipid weight) was higher than the concentrations in other animal samples, and the next highest concentration was found in yellow weasel muscle (7.31 ng g−1 lipid weight). Biomagnification factors were calculated for different PCBs and different organisms. Biomagnification was most obvious for organisms at the top of the food chain (the snake/mouse biomagnification ratio was >1000). The PCB-126 toxic equivalent concentration increased markedly as the trophic level increased. The toxic equivalent concentrations were 1200 times higher for high trophic level biota than low trophic level biota. PCB-169 had the highest toxic equivalent concentrations for the animal hair samples (0.00001 pg toxic equivalents g−1). However, PCB-81 had the highest toxicity equivalent concentrations for the herdsmen hair samples. PCBs found at relatively low concentrations and low toxic equivalent concentrations at low trophic levels can be biomagnified as they are transferred through the food chain and can reach high actual and toxic equivalent concentrations at high trophic levels. [Display omitted] •PCBs appeared to be enriched as the trophic level increased.•Snake/quarry had BMFs as high as 5000 for PCB-114, -156, and 169.•Up-PCBs (PCB-126, 169) had the highest TEQ concentrations in the organisms.
ArticleNumber	135781
Author	Te, Bu Yiming, Liu Wenming, Chen Huiting, Wang Jun, Jin Tianwei, Li Pengyuan, Zhao
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Bu surname: Te fullname: Te, Bu organization: College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Liu surname: Yiming fullname: Yiming, Liu organization: College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Li surname: Tianwei fullname: Tianwei, Li organization: College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Wang surname: Huiting fullname: Huiting, Wang organization: College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Zhao surname: Pengyuan fullname: Pengyuan, Zhao organization: College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Chen surname: Wenming fullname: Wenming, Chen organization: College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China – sequence: 7 givenname: Jin surname: Jun fullname: Jun, Jin email: junjin3799@126.com organization: College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Snippet	The production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited by the Stockholm Convention in 2001, but the unintentionally produced PCBs are still...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Bioaccumulation detection limit Food Chain Grassland Grassland ecosystem grasslands lipids Magnification Mice muscles PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls Snakes subcutaneous fat Toxicity Transfer trophic levels
Title	Polychlorinated biphenyls in a grassland food network: Concentrations, biomagnification, and transmission of toxicity
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