Panic attack provocation in panic disorder patients with a computer simulation

•Forty percent of the PDA patients had panic attacks after exposure to the CS.•Patients also had higher SUDS and DSQ scores than the healthy controls.•The sense of presence was indistinguishable between the patients and controls.•The CS produced hyperventilation in PDA patients, but not in healthy s...

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Published in:	Journal of affective disorders Vol. 264; pp. 498 - 505
Main Authors:	Freire, Rafael Christophe, Ferreira-Garcia, Rafael, Cabo, Mariana Costa, Martins, Renan Machado, Nardi, Antonio Egidio
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.03.2020
Subjects:	Agoraphobia Anxiety Disorders Computer Simulation Galvanic skin response Humans Hyperventilation Panic Panic attack Panic Disorder Agoraphobia Computer simulation Galvanic skin response Hyperventilation Panic disorder Panic attack
ISSN:	0165-0327, 1573-2517, 1573-2517
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Abstract	•Forty percent of the PDA patients had panic attacks after exposure to the CS.•Patients also had higher SUDS and DSQ scores than the healthy controls.•The sense of presence was indistinguishable between the patients and controls.•The CS produced hyperventilation in PDA patients, but not in healthy subjects.•The CS induced highest SCL increases in PDA patients who had panic attacks. Computer simulations (CS) and virtual reality exposure are promising techniques for research and treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA). The objective of this study was to ascertain whether a given CS was a stimulus capable of producing panic attacks (PAs), anxiety and psychophysiological changes in patients with PDA. Thirty PDA patients and 30 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects were exposed to a 3-min CS of a situation relevant to agoraphobic patients. Anxiety, panic symptoms, PAs, heart rate, skin conductance and respiration were recorded before, during and after the CS exposure. The CS effectively induced anxiety, hyperventilation and electrodermal responses in PDA patients but not in healthy subjects. Forty percent of PDA patients had a PA while none of the control subjects had a PA. A subgroup of patients who were less sensitive to the CS than the other subgroup of PDA patients and did not present full-blown PAs still had more panic symptoms, higher anxiety levels and more respiratory irregularities than the controls. Low immersion and low sense of presence, lack of interaction with the environment. Exposure to the CS produced effects similar to in vivo exposure, respiratory and caffeine challenges. Subsequent studies should: make direct comparisons between CS and other challenges for PDA; investigate if CS can be a tool for predicting effects of medication; determine the potential of CS as a desensitization technique for situational PAs.
AbstractList	Computer simulations (CS) and virtual reality exposure are promising techniques for research and treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA). The objective of this study was to ascertain whether a given CS was a stimulus capable of producing panic attacks (PAs), anxiety and psychophysiological changes in patients with PDA. Thirty PDA patients and 30 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects were exposed to a 3-min CS of a situation relevant to agoraphobic patients. Anxiety, panic symptoms, PAs, heart rate, skin conductance and respiration were recorded before, during and after the CS exposure. The CS effectively induced anxiety, hyperventilation and electrodermal responses in PDA patients but not in healthy subjects. Forty percent of PDA patients had a PA while none of the control subjects had a PA. A subgroup of patients who were less sensitive to the CS than the other subgroup of PDA patients and did not present full-blown PAs still had more panic symptoms, higher anxiety levels and more respiratory irregularities than the controls. Low immersion and low sense of presence, lack of interaction with the environment. Exposure to the CS produced effects similar to in vivo exposure, respiratory and caffeine challenges. Subsequent studies should: make direct comparisons between CS and other challenges for PDA; investigate if CS can be a tool for predicting effects of medication; determine the potential of CS as a desensitization technique for situational PAs. Computer simulations (CS) and virtual reality exposure are promising techniques for research and treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA). The objective of this study was to ascertain whether a given CS was a stimulus capable of producing panic attacks (PAs), anxiety and psychophysiological changes in patients with PDA.BACKGROUNDComputer simulations (CS) and virtual reality exposure are promising techniques for research and treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA). The objective of this study was to ascertain whether a given CS was a stimulus capable of producing panic attacks (PAs), anxiety and psychophysiological changes in patients with PDA.Thirty PDA patients and 30 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects were exposed to a 3-min CS of a situation relevant to agoraphobic patients. Anxiety, panic symptoms, PAs, heart rate, skin conductance and respiration were recorded before, during and after the CS exposure.METHODSThirty PDA patients and 30 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects were exposed to a 3-min CS of a situation relevant to agoraphobic patients. Anxiety, panic symptoms, PAs, heart rate, skin conductance and respiration were recorded before, during and after the CS exposure.The CS effectively induced anxiety, hyperventilation and electrodermal responses in PDA patients but not in healthy subjects. Forty percent of PDA patients had a PA while none of the control subjects had a PA. A subgroup of patients who were less sensitive to the CS than the other subgroup of PDA patients and did not present full-blown PAs still had more panic symptoms, higher anxiety levels and more respiratory irregularities than the controls.RESULTSThe CS effectively induced anxiety, hyperventilation and electrodermal responses in PDA patients but not in healthy subjects. Forty percent of PDA patients had a PA while none of the control subjects had a PA. A subgroup of patients who were less sensitive to the CS than the other subgroup of PDA patients and did not present full-blown PAs still had more panic symptoms, higher anxiety levels and more respiratory irregularities than the controls.Low immersion and low sense of presence, lack of interaction with the environment.LIMITATIONSLow immersion and low sense of presence, lack of interaction with the environment.Exposure to the CS produced effects similar to in vivo exposure, respiratory and caffeine challenges. Subsequent studies should: make direct comparisons between CS and other challenges for PDA; investigate if CS can be a tool for predicting effects of medication; determine the potential of CS as a desensitization technique for situational PAs.CONCLUSIONSExposure to the CS produced effects similar to in vivo exposure, respiratory and caffeine challenges. Subsequent studies should: make direct comparisons between CS and other challenges for PDA; investigate if CS can be a tool for predicting effects of medication; determine the potential of CS as a desensitization technique for situational PAs. •Forty percent of the PDA patients had panic attacks after exposure to the CS.•Patients also had higher SUDS and DSQ scores than the healthy controls.•The sense of presence was indistinguishable between the patients and controls.•The CS produced hyperventilation in PDA patients, but not in healthy subjects.•The CS induced highest SCL increases in PDA patients who had panic attacks. Computer simulations (CS) and virtual reality exposure are promising techniques for research and treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA). The objective of this study was to ascertain whether a given CS was a stimulus capable of producing panic attacks (PAs), anxiety and psychophysiological changes in patients with PDA. Thirty PDA patients and 30 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects were exposed to a 3-min CS of a situation relevant to agoraphobic patients. Anxiety, panic symptoms, PAs, heart rate, skin conductance and respiration were recorded before, during and after the CS exposure. The CS effectively induced anxiety, hyperventilation and electrodermal responses in PDA patients but not in healthy subjects. Forty percent of PDA patients had a PA while none of the control subjects had a PA. A subgroup of patients who were less sensitive to the CS than the other subgroup of PDA patients and did not present full-blown PAs still had more panic symptoms, higher anxiety levels and more respiratory irregularities than the controls. Low immersion and low sense of presence, lack of interaction with the environment. Exposure to the CS produced effects similar to in vivo exposure, respiratory and caffeine challenges. Subsequent studies should: make direct comparisons between CS and other challenges for PDA; investigate if CS can be a tool for predicting effects of medication; determine the potential of CS as a desensitization technique for situational PAs.
Author	Cabo, Mariana Costa Nardi, Antonio Egidio Freire, Rafael Christophe Martins, Renan Machado Ferreira-Garcia, Rafael
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Rafael Christophe surname: Freire fullname: Freire, Rafael Christophe email: rafael.freire@queensu.ca organization: Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Rafael surname: Ferreira-Garcia fullname: Ferreira-Garcia, Rafael organization: Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: Mariana Costa surname: Cabo fullname: Cabo, Mariana Costa organization: Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – sequence: 4 givenname: Renan Machado surname: Martins fullname: Martins, Renan Machado organization: Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – sequence: 5 givenname: Antonio Egidio surname: Nardi fullname: Nardi, Antonio Egidio organization: Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Keywords	Agoraphobia Computer simulation Galvanic skin response Hyperventilation Panic disorder Panic attack
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Snippet	•Forty percent of the PDA patients had panic attacks after exposure to the CS.•Patients also had higher SUDS and DSQ scores than the healthy controls.•The... Computer simulations (CS) and virtual reality exposure are promising techniques for research and treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA). The...
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SubjectTerms	Agoraphobia Anxiety Disorders Computer Simulation Galvanic skin response Humans Hyperventilation Panic Panic attack Panic Disorder
Title	Panic attack provocation in panic disorder patients with a computer simulation
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