Unique physicochemical properties and rare reducing sugar trehalulose mandate new international regulation for stingless bee honey

•All stingless bee honeys (SBH) failed CODEX honey standard but partially met MS2683.•Trehalulose was the main sugar in all SBH and notably higher in G. thoracica honey.•Malaysian and Australian SBH have distinctly different physicochemical properties. Stingless bee honey (SBH) of four stingless bee...

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Veröffentlicht in:Food chemistry Jg. 373; H. Pt B; S. 131566
Hauptverfasser: Zawawi, Norhasnida, Zhang, Jiali, Hungerford, Natasha L., Yates, Hans S.A., Webber, Dennis C., Farrell, Madeleine, Tinggi, Ujang, Bhandari, Bhesh, Fletcher, Mary T.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: England Elsevier Ltd 30.03.2022
Schlagworte:
acidity
Animals
Australia
Bees
Disaccharides
electrical conductivity
food chemistry
fructose
glucose
Honey
Honey standard
Malaysia
Physicochemical properties
principal component analysis
Stingless bee
stingless bees
Sugars
Tetragonula carbonaria
toxicity
Trehalulose
Australia
Malaysia
Stingless bee
Honey
Trehalulose
Honey standard
Physicochemical properties
ISSN:0308-8146, 1873-7072, 1873-7072
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Zusammenfassung:•All stingless bee honeys (SBH) failed CODEX honey standard but partially met MS2683.•Trehalulose was the main sugar in all SBH and notably higher in G. thoracica honey.•Malaysian and Australian SBH have distinctly different physicochemical properties. Stingless bee honey (SBH) of four stingless bee species (Heterotrigona itama, Geniotrigona thoracica, Tetragonula carbonaria, and Tetragonula hockingsi) from two geographic regions (Malaysia and Australia, n = 36) were studied for their physicochemical parameters, including total phenolic and multi-elemental contents. Sugar analysis confirmed the prominent presence of trehalulose in all samples. All SBH failed to meet the CODEX Standard for honey moisture, free acidity, and total fructose plus glucose levels. One-way ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical component analysis (HCA) confirm distinctive differences between Australian and Malaysian SBH with Australian SBH having significantly (P < 0.05) higher pH, total phenolic, total mineral, and electrical conductivity attributes. Toxic elements in all SBH were much lower than standard CODEX limit. The species G. thoracica produced honey with significantly (P < 0.05) higher trehalulose than both Australian bee species. This research will add value to SBH and hasten new international standards ensuring commercial viability, safety, quality, and marketability of SBH.
Bibliographie:ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
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ISSN:0308-8146
1873-7072
1873-7072
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131566