Intellectual property rights and access rules for germplasm: benefit or straitjacket
Today the free access to germplasm for breeding purposes is becoming more and more limited by two different developments: the patenting of traits and varieties on the one hand and the evolution with regard to access and benefit sharing in the convention on biological diversity (CBD) and the internat...
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| Vydané v: | Euphytica Ročník 170; číslo 1-2; s. 229 - 234 |
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Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
01.11.2009
Springer Netherlands Springer Springer Nature B.V |
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| Abstract | Today the free access to germplasm for breeding purposes is becoming more and more limited by two different developments: the patenting of traits and varieties on the one hand and the evolution with regard to access and benefit sharing in the convention on biological diversity (CBD) and the international treaty for plant genetic resources of food and agriculture (IT-PGRFA) on the other hand. Patents are generally more restrictive regarding research and breeding than plant breeder's rights in which the important notion of the breeder's exemption in the laws based on the international union for the protection of new varieties of plants. Conventions provides free access to commercialized, protected plant varieties for further commercial breeding. This breeder's exemption is limited by the notion of essential derivation: closely bred “essentially derived varieties” (EDV's) need for the purpose of commercialization the permission of the owner of the protected initial variety where the EDV has been derived from. New traits, from natural or artificial sources, can be protected by patents. The plants containing a patented trait do fall under its patent protection. In the USA conventional varieties can also be patented, which is not possible in most other countries in the world. This patent system allows claims on the progenies resulting from crossing patented plants with other plants. As each new variety consists of a unique combination of existing characteristics and crossing this variety with plants of other varieties yield new combinations, the ownership of a particular variety should not extend to the progenies of the crossing parents. The CBD and IT-PGRFA treaties subject the access to germplasm to particular rules for benefit sharing, whereby the terms for access under the CBD are still to be established and the outcome of the present negotiations is very uncertain. On top of these developments private companies use increasingly Material Transfer Agreements and restrictions printed on seed bags to limit the access to commercial varieties for breeding purposes. The question arises whether this tightening straitjacket will benefit or harm the breeding of new varieties in the long run and how the breeders in the field (will) cope with these developments. |
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| AbstractList | Today the free access to germplasm for breeding purposes is becoming more and more limited by two different developments: the patenting of traits and varieties on the one hand and the evolution with regard to access and benefit sharing in the convention on biological diversity (CBD) and the international treaty for plant genetic resources of food and agriculture (IT-PGRFA) on the other hand. Patents are generally more restrictive regarding research and breeding than plant breeder's rights in which the important notion of the breeder's exemption in the laws based on the international union for the protection of new varieties of plants. Conventions provides free access to commercialized, protected plant varieties for further commercial breeding. This breeder's exemption is limited by the notion of essential derivation: closely bred “essentially derived varieties” (EDV's) need for the purpose of commercialization the permission of the owner of the protected initial variety where the EDV has been derived from. New traits, from natural or artificial sources, can be protected by patents. The plants containing a patented trait do fall under its patent protection. In the USA conventional varieties can also be patented, which is not possible in most other countries in the world. This patent system allows claims on the progenies resulting from crossing patented plants with other plants. As each new variety consists of a unique combination of existing characteristics and crossing this variety with plants of other varieties yield new combinations, the ownership of a particular variety should not extend to the progenies of the crossing parents. The CBD and IT-PGRFA treaties subject the access to germplasm to particular rules for benefit sharing, whereby the terms for access under the CBD are still to be established and the outcome of the present negotiations is very uncertain. On top of these developments private companies use increasingly Material Transfer Agreements and restrictions printed on seed bags to limit the access to commercial varieties for breeding purposes. The question arises whether this tightening straitjacket will benefit or harm the breeding of new varieties in the long run and how the breeders in the field (will) cope with these developments. Today the free access to germplasm for breeding purposes is becoming more and more limited by two different developments: the patenting of traits and varieties on the one hand and the evolution with regard to access and benefit sharing in the convention on biological diversity (CBD) and the international treaty for plant genetic resources of food and agriculture (IT-PGRFA) on the other hand. Patents are generally more restrictive regarding research and breeding than plant breeder's rights in which the important notion of the breeder's exemption in the laws based on the international union for the protection of new varieties of plants. Conventions provides free access to commercialized, protected plant varieties for further commercial breeding. This breeder's exemption is limited by the notion of essential derivation: closely bred "essentially derived varieties" (EDV's) need for the purpose of commercialization the permission of the owner of the protected initial variety where the EDV has been derived from. New traits, from natural or artificial sources, can be protected by patents. The plants containing a patented trait do fall under its patent protection. In the USA conventional varieties can also be patented, which is not possible in most other countries in the world. This patent system allows claims on the progenies resulting from crossing patented plants with other plants. As each new variety consists of a unique combination of existing characteristics and crossing this variety with plants of other varieties yield new combinations, the ownership of a particular variety should not extend to the progenies of the crossing parents. The CBD and IT-PGRFA treaties subject the access to germplasm to particular rules for benefit sharing, whereby the terms for access under the CBD are still to be established and the outcome of the present negotiations is very uncertain. On top of these developments private companies use increasingly Material Transfer Agreements and restrictions printed on seed bags to limit the access to commercial varieties for breeding purposes. The question arises whether this tightening straitjacket will benefit or harm the breeding of new varieties in the long run and how the breeders in the field (will) cope with these developments. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| ArticleNumber | 229 |
| Author | Ghijsen, Huib |
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| Keywords | Intellectual property rights Breeding plant varieties Biodiversity Access to genetic resources Germplasm Genetic resource Genetic improvement Intellectual property Profit Variety |
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| References | Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights. http://eur-lex.europa.eu European Patent Convention (EPC) (1973). http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/epc.html GhijsenHAccess to germplasm for further breeding in the case of patents and after-sale conditionsBiosci Law Rev2005828792 Convention on Biological Diversity (1994). http://www.cbd.int/convention/convention.shtml Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. http://eur-lex.europa.eu Ghijsen H (2002) Property rights on plant varieties. In: Seed policy, legislation and law: widening a narrow focus, The Haworth Press, pp 195–212 United States Code Title 35—Patents. http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/consolidated_laws.pdf UPOV Convention (1978 & 1991). http://www.upov.int/en/publications/conventions Le BuanecBProtection of plant-related innovations: evolution and current discussionIP Strategy Today20049119 GhijsenHPlant breeder’s rights: a fair and balanced intellectual property right for plant varietiesTailoring Biotechnol2007327998 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2004). ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/it/ITPGRe.pdf 9941_CR1 9941_CR2 H Ghijsen (9941_CR5) 2005; 8 9941_CR3 9941_CR4 B Le Buanec (9941_CR8) 2004; 9 9941_CR7 H Ghijsen (9941_CR6) 2007; 3 9941_CR9 9941_CR11 9941_CR10 |
| References_xml | – reference: GhijsenHAccess to germplasm for further breeding in the case of patents and after-sale conditionsBiosci Law Rev2005828792 – reference: GhijsenHPlant breeder’s rights: a fair and balanced intellectual property right for plant varietiesTailoring Biotechnol2007327998 – reference: UPOV Convention (1978 & 1991). http://www.upov.int/en/publications/conventions/ – reference: Convention on Biological Diversity (1994). http://www.cbd.int/convention/convention.shtml – reference: Ghijsen H (2002) Property rights on plant varieties. In: Seed policy, legislation and law: widening a narrow focus, The Haworth Press, pp 195–212 – reference: United States Code Title 35—Patents. http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/consolidated_laws.pdf – reference: Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ – reference: European Patent Convention (EPC) (1973). http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/epc.html – reference: International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2004). ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/it/ITPGRe.pdf – reference: Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ – reference: Le BuanecBProtection of plant-related innovations: evolution and current discussionIP Strategy Today20049119 – volume: 8 start-page: 87 issue: 2 year: 2005 ident: 9941_CR5 publication-title: Biosci Law Rev – volume: 3 start-page: 79 issue: 2 year: 2007 ident: 9941_CR6 publication-title: Tailoring Biotechnol – ident: 9941_CR1 – volume: 9 start-page: 1 year: 2004 ident: 9941_CR8 publication-title: IP Strategy Today – ident: 9941_CR7 – ident: 9941_CR9 – ident: 9941_CR4 doi: 10.1300/J153v04n01_15 – ident: 9941_CR3 – ident: 9941_CR2 – ident: 9941_CR11 – ident: 9941_CR10 |
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| SubjectTerms | Agricultural biotechnology Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions Biodiversity Biological and medical sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences Biotechnology breeding lines Convention on Biological Diversity crops cultivars Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Generalities. Genetics. Plant material Genetic resources Genetic resources, diversity Genetics Genetics and breeding of economic plants genotype germplasm Intellectual property intellectual property rights international cooperation international law international trade Life Sciences literature reviews material transfer agreements Plant breeding Plant breeding: fundamental aspects and methodology plant genetic resources Plant Genetics and Genomics Plant material Plant Pathology Plant Physiology Plant resources Plant Sciences Property rights Protected plants transgenic plants Treaties |
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