On the ‘Discovery’ of Vitamin A
Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, reproduction, immunity, and vision. The characterization of vitamin A spanned a period of about 130 years. During this long, incremental process, there is no single event that can be called the ‘discovery’ of vitamin A. The physiologist François Magendie con...
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| Published in: | Annals of nutrition and metabolism Vol. 61; no. 3; pp. 192 - 198 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Basel, Switzerland
S. Karger AG
01.01.2012
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| ISBN: | 3318022888, 9783318022889 |
| ISSN: | 0250-6807, 1421-9697, 1421-9697 |
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| Abstract | Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, reproduction, immunity, and vision. The characterization of vitamin A spanned a period of about 130 years. During this long, incremental process, there is no single event that can be called the ‘discovery’ of vitamin A. The physiologist François Magendie conducted nutritional deprivation experiments with dogs in 1816 that resulted in corneal ulcers and high mortality – a finding similar to the common clinical situation in poorly fed, abandoned infants in Paris. In the 1880s, Nicolai Lunin showed that there was an unknown substance in milk that was essential for nutrition. Carl Socin suggested that an unknown substance for growth in egg yolk was fat soluble. Frederick Gowland Hopkins proposed in 1906 that there were ‘unsuspected dietetic factors’ that were necessary for life. In 1911, Wilhelm Stepp demonstrated that this essential substance in milk was fat soluble. The following year, Hopkins showed that there were ‘accessory factors’ present in ‘astonishingly small amounts’ in milk that supported life. Contrary to the dogma that all fats had similar nutritional value, in 1913, Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis at Wisconsin and Thomas Osborne and Lafayette Mendel at Yale showed butter and egg yolk were not equivalent to lard and olive oil in supporting the growth and survival of rats. The growth-supporting ‘accessory factor’ became known as ‘fat-soluble A’ in 1918 and then ‘vitamin A’ in 1920. Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A in 1932. Harry Holmes and Ruth Corbet isolated and crystallized vitamin A in 1937. Methods for the synthesis of vitamin A came with the work of David Adriaan van Dorp and Jozef Ferdinand Arens in 1946 and Otto Isler and colleagues in 1947. Further work on the role of vitamin A in immunity and child survival continued until through the 1990s. |
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| AbstractList | Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, reproduction, immunity, and vision. The characterization of vitamin A spanned a period of about 130 years. During this long, incremental process, there is no single event that can be called the ‘discovery’ of vitamin A. The physiologist François Magendie conducted nutritional deprivation experiments with dogs in 1816 that resulted in corneal ulcers and high mortality – a finding similar to the common clinical situation in poorly fed, abandoned infants in Paris. In the 1880s, Nicolai Lunin showed that there was an unknown substance in milk that was essential for nutrition. Carl Socin suggested that an unknown substance for growth in egg yolk was fat soluble. Frederick Gowland Hopkins proposed in 1906 that there were ‘unsuspected dietetic factors’ that were necessary for life. In 1911, Wilhelm Stepp demonstrated that this essential substance in milk was fat soluble. The following year, Hopkins showed that there were ‘accessory factors’ present in ‘astonishingly small amounts’ in milk that supported life. Contrary to the dogma that all fats had similar nutritional value, in 1913, Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis at Wisconsin and Thomas Osborne and Lafayette Mendel at Yale showed butter and egg yolk were not equivalent to lard and olive oil in supporting the growth and survival of rats. The growth-supporting ‘accessory factor’ became known as ‘fat-soluble A’ in 1918 and then ‘vitamin A’ in 1920. Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A in 1932. Harry Holmes and Ruth Corbet isolated and crystallized vitamin A in 1937. Methods for the synthesis of vitamin A came with the work of David Adriaan van Dorp and Jozef Ferdinand Arens in 1946 and Otto Isler and colleagues in 1947. Further work on the role of vitamin A in immunity and child survival continued until through the 1990s. Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, reproduction, immunity, and vision. The characterization of vitamin A spanned a period of about 130 years. During this long, incremental process, there is no single event that can be called the 'discovery' of vitamin A. The physiologist François Magendie conducted nutritional deprivation experiments with dogs in 1816 that resulted in corneal ulcers and high mortality - a finding similar to the common clinical situation in poorly fed, abandoned infants in Paris. In the 1880s, Nicolai Lunin showed that there was an unknown substance in milk that was essential for nutrition. Carl Socin suggested that an unknown substance for growth in egg yolk was fat soluble. Frederick Gowland Hopkins proposed in 1906 that there were 'unsuspected dietetic factors' that were necessary for life. In 1911, Wilhelm Stepp demonstrated that this essential substance in milk was fat soluble. The following year, Hopkins showed that there were 'accessory factors' present in 'astonishingly small amounts' in milk that supported life. Contrary to the dogma that all fats had similar nutritional value, in 1913, Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis at Wisconsin and Thomas Osborne and Lafayette Mendel at Yale showed butter and egg yolk were not equivalent to lard and olive oil in supporting the growth and survival of rats. The growth-supporting 'accessory factor' became known as 'fat-soluble A' in 1918 and then 'vitamin A' in 1920. Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A in 1932. Harry Holmes and Ruth Corbet isolated and crystallized vitamin A in 1937. Methods for the synthesis of vitamin A came with the work of David Adriaan van Dorp and Jozef Ferdinand Arens in 1946 and Otto Isler and colleagues in 1947. Further work on the role of vitamin A in immunity and child survival continued until through the 1990s.Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, reproduction, immunity, and vision. The characterization of vitamin A spanned a period of about 130 years. During this long, incremental process, there is no single event that can be called the 'discovery' of vitamin A. The physiologist François Magendie conducted nutritional deprivation experiments with dogs in 1816 that resulted in corneal ulcers and high mortality - a finding similar to the common clinical situation in poorly fed, abandoned infants in Paris. In the 1880s, Nicolai Lunin showed that there was an unknown substance in milk that was essential for nutrition. Carl Socin suggested that an unknown substance for growth in egg yolk was fat soluble. Frederick Gowland Hopkins proposed in 1906 that there were 'unsuspected dietetic factors' that were necessary for life. In 1911, Wilhelm Stepp demonstrated that this essential substance in milk was fat soluble. The following year, Hopkins showed that there were 'accessory factors' present in 'astonishingly small amounts' in milk that supported life. Contrary to the dogma that all fats had similar nutritional value, in 1913, Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis at Wisconsin and Thomas Osborne and Lafayette Mendel at Yale showed butter and egg yolk were not equivalent to lard and olive oil in supporting the growth and survival of rats. The growth-supporting 'accessory factor' became known as 'fat-soluble A' in 1918 and then 'vitamin A' in 1920. Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A in 1932. Harry Holmes and Ruth Corbet isolated and crystallized vitamin A in 1937. Methods for the synthesis of vitamin A came with the work of David Adriaan van Dorp and Jozef Ferdinand Arens in 1946 and Otto Isler and colleagues in 1947. Further work on the role of vitamin A in immunity and child survival continued until through the 1990s. Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, reproduction, immunity, and vision. The characterization of vitamin A spanned a period of about 130 years. During this long, incremental process, there is no single event that can be called the 'discovery' of vitamin A. The physiologist François Magendie conducted nutritional deprivation experiments with dogs in 1816 that resulted in corneal ulcers and high mortality - a finding similar to the common clinical situation in poorly fed, abandoned infants in Paris. In the 1880s, Nicolai Lunin showed that there was an unknown substance in milk that was essential for nutrition. Carl Socin suggested that an unknown substance for growth in egg yolk was fat soluble. Frederick Gowland Hopkins proposed in 1906 that there were 'unsuspected dietetic factors' that were necessary for life. In 1911, Wilhelm Stepp demonstrated that this essential substance in milk was fat soluble. The following year, Hopkins showed that there were 'accessory factors' present in 'astonishingly small amounts' in milk that supported life. Contrary to the dogma that all fats had similar nutritional value, in 1913, Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis at Wisconsin and Thomas Osborne and Lafayette Mendel at Yale showed butter and egg yolk were not equivalent to lard and olive oil in supporting the growth and survival of rats. The growth-supporting 'accessory factor' became known as 'fat-soluble A' in 1918 and then 'vitamin A' in 1920. Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A in 1932. Harry Holmes and Ruth Corbet isolated and crystallized vitamin A in 1937. Methods for the synthesis of vitamin A came with the work of David Adriaan van Dorp and Jozef Ferdinand Arens in 1946 and Otto Isler and colleagues in 1947. Further work on the role of vitamin A in immunity and child survival continued until through the 1990s. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | Semba, Richard D. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Richard D. surname: Semba fullname: Semba, Richard D. email: rdsemba@jhmi.edu |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1039%2Fan906310385b 10.1021%2Fja01289a075 10.1038%2F132316a0 10.3945%2Fjn.110.137745 10.1038%2F157190a0 10.1002%2Fhlca.19470300666 10.1002%2Fhlca.19310140511 |
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| Copyright | 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel |
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| Keywords | Discovery Vitamin A Isolation Synthesis Crystallization |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. https://www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel. |
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| References | Osborne TB, Mendel L: The influence of cod liver oil and some other fats on growth. J Biol Chem 1914;17:401–408. Drummond JC: The nomenclature of the so-called accessory food factors (vitamins). Biochem J 1920;14:660. Semba RD: The historical evolution of thought regarding multiple micronutrient nutrition. J Nutr 2012;142:143S–156S.10.3945%2Fjn.110.137745 McCollum EV, Simmonds N, Parsons HT: A biological analysis of pellagra-producing diets. III. The nature of the dietary deficiencies of a diet derived from peas, wheat flour, and cottenseed [sic] oil. J Biol Chem 1918;33:411–423. Osborne TB, Mendel LB: The relationship of growth to the chemical constituents of the diet. J Biol Chem 1913;15:311–326. Stepp W: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Lipoide für die Ernährung. Z Biol 1911;57:135–170. Nobelstiftelsen: Les Prix Nobel en 1929. Stockholm, Imprimerie Royale, P.A. Norstedt & Söner, 1930, p 47. Stepp W: Versuche über Fütterung mit lipoidfreier Nahrung. Biochem Z 1909;22:452–460. Willcock EG, Hopkins FG: The importance of individual amino-acids in metabolism. Observations on the effect of adding tryptophane to a dietary in which zein is the sole nitrogenous constituent. J Physiol 1906;35:88–102. Hopkins FG: Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory factors in normal dietaries. J Physiol 1912;44:425–460. McCollum EV: From Hopkins to the present; in Galdston I (ed): Human Nutrition Historic and Scientific. Monograph III. New York, International Universities Press, pp 111–142. Wald G: Vitamin A in the retina. Nature 1933;132:316–317.10.1038%2F132316a0 Wald G: The photoreceptor process in vision. Am J Ophthalmol 1955;40:18–41. Isler O, Huber W, Ronco A, Kofler M: Synthese des Vitamin A. Helv Chim Acta 1947;30:1911–1921.10.1002%2Fhlca.19470300666 Osborne TB, Mendel LB: Feeding experiments with isolated food-substances. Washington, DC, Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication No. 156, Parts I and II, 1911. Nobelstiftelsen: Le Prix Nobel en 1937. Stockholm, Imprimerie Royale, P.A. Nordstedt & Söner, 1938, p 35. Pekelharing CA: Over onze kennis van de waarde der voedingsmiddelen uit chemische fabrieken. Nederl tijdschr geneeskunde 1905;41:111–124. Cadet de Vaux AA: Mémoire sur la gélatine des os, et son application à l’économie alimentaire, privée et publique, et principalement à l’économie de l’homme malade et indigent. Paris, Marchant, 1803. Lunin N: Über die Bedeutung der anorganischen Salze für die Ernährung des Thieres. Z physiol Chemie 1881;5:31–39. Villermé LR: De la mortalité dans les divers quartiers de la ville de Paris, et des causes qui la rendent très différente dans plusieurs d’entre eux, ainsi que dans les divers quartiers de beaucoup de grandes villes. Ann hyg pub méd légale 1830;3:294–341. Hopkins FG: The analyst and the medical man. Analyst 1906;31:385–397.10.1039%2Fan906310385b McCollum EV, Simmonds N, Becker JE, Shipley PG: Studies on experimental rickets. XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. J Biol Chem 1922;53:291–312. Karrer P, Morf R, Schöpp K: Zur Kenntnis des Vitamins-A aus Fischtranen. Helv Chim Acta 1931;14:1036–1040, 1431–1436.10.1002%2Fhlca.19310140511 Semba RD: The Vitamin A Story: Lifting the Shadow of Death. Basel, Karger, 2012. Socin CA: In welcher Form wird das Eisen resorbirt? Z physiol Chemie 1891;15:93–139. d’Arcet JPJ: Rapport sur un travail ayant pour objet l’extraction de la gélatine des os, et son application aux différents usages économiques. J méd chirurg pharm 1814;31:352–359. Arens JF, van Dorp DA: Synthesis of some compounds possessing vitamin A activity. Nature 1946;157:190.10.1038%2F157190a0 Billard C: Traité des maladies des enfants nouveau-nés et à la mamelle, fondé sur de nouvelles observations cliniques et d’anatomie pathologique, faites à l’Hôpital des Enfants-Trouvé de Paris, dans le service de M. Baron. Paris, J.B. Baillière, 1828. Magendie F: Mémoire sur les propriétés nutritives des substances qui ne contiennent pas d’azote. Bull sci soc phil Paris 1816;4:137–138. von Bunge G: Lehrbuch der physiologischen und pathologischen Chemie; in: Zwanzig Vorlesungen für Ärzte und Studirende. Leipzig, F.C.W. Vogel, 1887, p 105. Osborne TB, Mendel LB: Feeding experiments with fat-free food mixtures. J Biol Chem 1912;12:81–89. Benoiston de Chateauneuf LF: De la durée de la vie chez le riche et chez le pauvre. Ann hyg pub méd légale 1830;3:5–15. Knapp P: Experimenteller Beitrag zur Ernährung von Ratten mit künstlicher Nahrung und zum Zusammenhang von Ernährungsstörungen mit Erkrankungen der Conjunctiva. Z exp Pathol Therap 1909;5:147–169. McCollum EV, Davis M: The necessity of certain lipins in the diet during growth. J Biol Chem 1913;15:167–175. Holmes HN, Corbet RE: The isolation of crystalline vitamin A. J Am Chem Soc 1937;59:2042–2047.10.1021%2Fja01289a075 ref7 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 ref2 ref1 |
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| Snippet | Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, reproduction, immunity, and vision. The characterization of vitamin A spanned a period of about 130 years. During... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals Avitaminosis - drug therapy Butter - analysis Dietary Fats - analysis Dogs Egg Yolk - chemistry Fats - analysis Fats - chemistry History, 19th Century History, 20th Century Humans Milk Milk - chemistry Models, Animal Nutrition research Nutritive value Olive Oil Paris Plant Oils - chemistry Rats Science history Vitamin A Vitamin A - chemistry Vitamin A - history Vitamin A - pharmacology Vitamin deficiency Wisconsin |
| Title | On the ‘Discovery’ of Vitamin A |
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