Lithium Battery State-of-Charge Estimation Based on a Bayesian Optimization Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network

State of charge (SOC) is the most important parameter in battery management systems (BMSs), but since the SOC is not a directly measurable state quantity, it is particularly important to use advanced strategies for accurate SOC estimation. In this paper, we first propose a bidirectional long short-t...

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