Observer bias and detection probability in underwater visual census of fish assemblages measured with independent double-observers

Underwater visual census (UVC) is one of the more frequently used methods for monitoring of subtidal fish communities. However, population estimates from UVC are plagued by numerous biases that ultimately reduce the diagnostic power of the data. Adaptations to methods that account for detection erro...

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Published in:	Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology Vol. 443; pp. 75 - 84
Main Authors:	Bernard, A.T.F., Götz, A., Kerwath, S.E., Wilke, C.G.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Kidlington Elsevier B.V 01.05.2013 Elsevier
Subjects:	Agnatha. Pisces Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences community structure Double-observer fish fish communities Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology monitoring Observer bias probability Rare species researchers Sea water ecosystems Species detection surveys Synecology UVC Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution Volunteers Species detection Observer bias UVC Double-observer Volunteers Rare species Visual observation Underwater Marine environment Vertebrata Animal community Pisces Observer Detection
ISSN:	0022-0981, 1879-1697
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Abstract	Underwater visual census (UVC) is one of the more frequently used methods for monitoring of subtidal fish communities. However, population estimates from UVC are plagued by numerous biases that ultimately reduce the diagnostic power of the data. Adaptations to methods that account for detection errors by employing multiple observers can reduce many of these biases, but have received little consideration in past marine research. In the terrestrial environment the double-observer method has been successfully applied to estimate visibility bias, observer bias and detection probabilities. We used an independent double-observer method to measure the influence of observer type (volunteers and researchers) and fish community structure on the detection probability and count dissimilarity between two observers simultaneously surveying the same transect. Community data collected by volunteers were of a consistently lower quality than that collected by researchers. However, this was not the case for the dominant species for which researchers and volunteers produced similar data. The analysis further suggested that rare species contributed disproportionately to the bias in UVC data because the abundance of a species within a survey area determined its detection probability. Our results highlight the need to account for detection probability during UVC and it is recommended that future research based on UVC integrates an independent double-observer approach. Furthermore, the results indicate that care needs to be taken when designing monitoring programmes as allowing inexperienced volunteers to participate can undermine the integrity of the data. •Fish community data from volunteers was of a lower quality compared to researchers.•Abundance of a species along a transect determined its detection probability.•Results highlight the need to account for detection probability during UVC.•Recommended that future research using UVC incorporate a double-observer approach
AbstractList	Underwater visual census (UVC) is one of the more frequently used methods for monitoring of subtidal fish communities. However, population estimates from UVC are plagued by numerous biases that ultimately reduce the diagnostic power of the data. Adaptations to methods that account for detection errors by employing multiple observers can reduce many of these biases, but have received little consideration in past marine research. In the terrestrial environment the double-observer method has been successfully applied to estimate visibility bias, observer bias and detection probabilities. We used an independent double-observer method to measure the influence of observer type (volunteers and researchers) and fish community structure on the detection probability and count dissimilarity between two observers simultaneously surveying the same transect. Community data collected by volunteers were of a consistently lower quality than that collected by researchers. However, this was not the case for the dominant species for which researchers and volunteers produced similar data. The analysis further suggested that rare species contributed disproportionately to the bias in UVC data because the abundance of a species within a survey area determined its detection probability. Our results highlight the need to account for detection probability during UVC and it is recommended that future research based on UVC integrates an independent double-observer approach. Furthermore, the results indicate that care needs to be taken when designing monitoring programmes as allowing inexperienced volunteers to participate can undermine the integrity of the data. Underwater visual census (UVC) is one of the more frequently used methods for monitoring of subtidal fish communities. However, population estimates from UVC are plagued by numerous biases that ultimately reduce the diagnostic power of the data. Adaptations to methods that account for detection errors by employing multiple observers can reduce many of these biases, but have received little consideration in past marine research. In the terrestrial environment the double-observer method has been successfully applied to estimate visibility bias, observer bias and detection probabilities. We used an independent double-observer method to measure the influence of observer type (volunteers and researchers) and fish community structure on the detection probability and count dissimilarity between two observers simultaneously surveying the same transect. Community data collected by volunteers were of a consistently lower quality than that collected by researchers. However, this was not the case for the dominant species for which researchers and volunteers produced similar data. The analysis further suggested that rare species contributed disproportionately to the bias in UVC data because the abundance of a species within a survey area determined its detection probability. Our results highlight the need to account for detection probability during UVC and it is recommended that future research based on UVC integrates an independent double-observer approach. Furthermore, the results indicate that care needs to be taken when designing monitoring programmes as allowing inexperienced volunteers to participate can undermine the integrity of the data. •Fish community data from volunteers was of a lower quality compared to researchers.•Abundance of a species along a transect determined its detection probability.•Results highlight the need to account for detection probability during UVC.•Recommended that future research using UVC incorporate a double-observer approach
Author	Götz, A. Bernard, A.T.F. Wilke, C.G. Kerwath, S.E.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: A.T.F. surname: Bernard fullname: Bernard, A.T.F. email: ant@saeon.ac.za organization: Zoology and Entomology Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: A. surname: Götz fullname: Götz, A. organization: Elwandle Node, South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: S.E. surname: Kerwath fullname: Kerwath, S.E. organization: Line-Fish Research Division, Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 4 givenname: C.G. surname: Wilke fullname: Wilke, C.G. organization: Line-Fish Research Division, Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
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Keywords	Species detection Observer bias UVC Double-observer Volunteers Rare species Visual observation Underwater Marine environment Vertebrata Animal community Pisces Observer Detection
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Evol. doi: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x
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Snippet	Underwater visual census (UVC) is one of the more frequently used methods for monitoring of subtidal fish communities. However, population estimates from UVC...
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SubjectTerms	Agnatha. Pisces Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences community structure Double-observer fish fish communities Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology monitoring Observer bias probability Rare species researchers Sea water ecosystems Species detection surveys Synecology UVC Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution Volunteers
Title	Observer bias and detection probability in underwater visual census of fish assemblages measured with independent double-observers
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