Patterns of microparticles in blank samples: A study to inform best practices for microplastic analysis
Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) techniques are critical to analytical chemistry, and thus the analysis of microplastics. Procedural blanks are a key component of QA/QC for quantifying and characterizing background contamination. Although procedural blanks are becoming increasingly comm...
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| Vydáno v: | Chemosphere (Oxford) Ročník 333; s. 138883 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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England
Elsevier Ltd
01.08.2023
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| ISSN: | 0045-6535, 1879-1298, 1879-1298 |
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| Abstract | Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) techniques are critical to analytical chemistry, and thus the analysis of microplastics. Procedural blanks are a key component of QA/QC for quantifying and characterizing background contamination. Although procedural blanks are becoming increasingly common in microplastics research, how researchers acquire a blank and report and/or use blank contamination data varies. Here, we use the results of laboratory procedural blanks from a method evaluation study to inform QA/QC procedures for microplastics quantification and characterization. Suspected microplastic contamination in the procedural blanks, collected by 12 participating laboratories, had between 7 and 511 particles, with a mean of 80 particles per sample (±SD 134). The most common color and morphology reported were black fibers, and the most common size fraction reported was 20–212 μm. The lack of even smaller particles is likely due to limits of detection versus lack of contamination, as very few labs reported particles <20 μm. Participating labs used a range of QA/QC techniques, including air filtration, filtered water, and working in contained/‘enclosed’ environments. Our analyses showed that these procedures did not significantly affect blank contamination. To inform blank subtraction, several subtraction methods were tested. No clear pattern based on total recovery was observed. Despite our results, we recommend commonly accepted procedures such as thorough training and cleaning procedures, air filtration, filtered water (e.g., MilliQ, deionized or reverse osmosis), non-synthetic clothing policies and ‘enclosed’ air flow systems (e.g., clean cabinet). We also recommend blank subtracting by a combination of particle characteristics (color, morphology and size fraction), as it likely provides final microplastic particle characteristics that are most representative of the sample. Further work should be done to assess other QA/QC parameters, such as the use of other types of blanks (e.g., field blanks, matrix blanks) and limits of detection and quantification.
[Display omitted]
•Results from a method evaluation study inform QA/QC.•Procedural contamination is common in microplastics samples.•Laboratory and/or field blanks are essential to microplastics research.•Future work should inform methods to reduce and report contamination. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) techniques are critical to analytical chemistry, and thus the analysis of microplastics. Procedural blanks are a key component of QA/QC for quantifying and characterizing background contamination. Although procedural blanks are becoming increasingly common in microplastics research, how researchers acquire a blank and report and/or use blank contamination data varies. Here, we use the results of laboratory procedural blanks from a method evaluation study to inform QA/QC procedures for microplastics quantification and characterization. Suspected microplastic contamination in the procedural blanks, collected by 12 participating laboratories, had between 7 and 511 particles, with a mean of 80 particles per sample (±SD 134). The most common color and morphology reported were black fibers, and the most common size fraction reported was 20-212 μm. The lack of even smaller particles is likely due to limits of detection versus lack of contamination, as very few labs reported particles <20 μm. Participating labs used a range of QA/QC techniques, including air filtration, filtered water, and working in contained/'enclosed' environments. Our analyses showed that these procedures did not significantly affect blank contamination. To inform blank subtraction, several subtraction methods were tested. No clear pattern based on total recovery was observed. Despite our results, we recommend commonly accepted procedures such as thorough training and cleaning procedures, air filtration, filtered water (e.g., MilliQ, deionized or reverse osmosis), non-synthetic clothing policies and 'enclosed' air flow systems (e.g., clean cabinet). We also recommend blank subtracting by a combination of particle characteristics (color, morphology and size fraction), as it likely provides final microplastic particle characteristics that are most representative of the sample. Further work should be done to assess other QA/QC parameters, such as the use of other types of blanks (e.g., field blanks, matrix blanks) and limits of detection and quantification.Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) techniques are critical to analytical chemistry, and thus the analysis of microplastics. Procedural blanks are a key component of QA/QC for quantifying and characterizing background contamination. Although procedural blanks are becoming increasingly common in microplastics research, how researchers acquire a blank and report and/or use blank contamination data varies. Here, we use the results of laboratory procedural blanks from a method evaluation study to inform QA/QC procedures for microplastics quantification and characterization. Suspected microplastic contamination in the procedural blanks, collected by 12 participating laboratories, had between 7 and 511 particles, with a mean of 80 particles per sample (±SD 134). The most common color and morphology reported were black fibers, and the most common size fraction reported was 20-212 μm. The lack of even smaller particles is likely due to limits of detection versus lack of contamination, as very few labs reported particles <20 μm. Participating labs used a range of QA/QC techniques, including air filtration, filtered water, and working in contained/'enclosed' environments. Our analyses showed that these procedures did not significantly affect blank contamination. To inform blank subtraction, several subtraction methods were tested. No clear pattern based on total recovery was observed. Despite our results, we recommend commonly accepted procedures such as thorough training and cleaning procedures, air filtration, filtered water (e.g., MilliQ, deionized or reverse osmosis), non-synthetic clothing policies and 'enclosed' air flow systems (e.g., clean cabinet). We also recommend blank subtracting by a combination of particle characteristics (color, morphology and size fraction), as it likely provides final microplastic particle characteristics that are most representative of the sample. Further work should be done to assess other QA/QC parameters, such as the use of other types of blanks (e.g., field blanks, matrix blanks) and limits of detection and quantification. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) techniques are critical to analytical chemistry, and thus the analysis of microplastics. Procedural blanks are a key component of QA/QC for quantifying and characterizing background contamination. Although procedural blanks are becoming increasingly common in microplastics research, how researchers acquire a blank and report and/or use blank contamination data varies. Here, we use the results of laboratory procedural blanks from a method evaluation study to inform QA/QC procedures for microplastics quantification and characterization. Suspected microplastic contamination in the procedural blanks, collected by 12 participating laboratories, had between 7 and 511 particles, with a mean of 80 particles per sample (±SD 134). The most common color and morphology reported were black fibers, and the most common size fraction reported was 20–212 μm. The lack of even smaller particles is likely due to limits of detection versus lack of contamination, as very few labs reported particles <20 μm. Participating labs used a range of QA/QC techniques, including air filtration, filtered water, and working in contained/‘enclosed’ environments. Our analyses showed that these procedures did not significantly affect blank contamination. To inform blank subtraction, several subtraction methods were tested. No clear pattern based on total recovery was observed. Despite our results, we recommend commonly accepted procedures such as thorough training and cleaning procedures, air filtration, filtered water (e.g., MilliQ, deionized or reverse osmosis), non-synthetic clothing policies and ‘enclosed’ air flow systems (e.g., clean cabinet). We also recommend blank subtracting by a combination of particle characteristics (color, morphology and size fraction), as it likely provides final microplastic particle characteristics that are most representative of the sample. Further work should be done to assess other QA/QC parameters, such as the use of other types of blanks (e.g., field blanks, matrix blanks) and limits of detection and quantification. [Display omitted] •Results from a method evaluation study inform QA/QC.•Procedural contamination is common in microplastics samples.•Laboratory and/or field blanks are essential to microplastics research.•Future work should inform methods to reduce and report contamination. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) techniques are critical to analytical chemistry, and thus the analysis of microplastics. Procedural blanks are a key component of QA/QC for quantifying and characterizing background contamination. Although procedural blanks are becoming increasingly common in microplastics research, how researchers acquire a blank and report and/or use blank contamination data varies. Here, we use the results of laboratory procedural blanks from a method evaluation study to inform QA/QC procedures for microplastics quantification and characterization. Suspected microplastic contamination in the procedural blanks, collected by 12 participating laboratories, had between 7 and 511 particles, with a mean of 80 particles per sample (±SD 134). The most common color and morphology reported were black fibers, and the most common size fraction reported was 20-212 μm. The lack of even smaller particles is likely due to limits of detection versus lack of contamination, as very few labs reported particles <20 μm. Participating labs used a range of QA/QC techniques, including air filtration, filtered water, and working in contained/'enclosed' environments. Our analyses showed that these procedures did not significantly affect blank contamination. To inform blank subtraction, several subtraction methods were tested. No clear pattern based on total recovery was observed. Despite our results, we recommend commonly accepted procedures such as thorough training and cleaning procedures, air filtration, filtered water (e.g., MilliQ, deionized or reverse osmosis), non-synthetic clothing policies and 'enclosed' air flow systems (e.g., clean cabinet). We also recommend blank subtracting by a combination of particle characteristics (color, morphology and size fraction), as it likely provides final microplastic particle characteristics that are most representative of the sample. Further work should be done to assess other QA/QC parameters, such as the use of other types of blanks (e.g., field blanks, matrix blanks) and limits of detection and quantification. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) techniques are critical to analytical chemistry, and thus the analysis of microplastics. Procedural blanks are a key component of QA/QC for quantifying and characterizing background contamination. Although procedural blanks are becoming increasingly common in microplastics research, how researchers acquire a blank and report and/or use blank contamination data varies. Here, we use the results of laboratory procedural blanks from a method evaluation study to inform QA/QC procedures for microplastics quantification and characterization. Suspected microplastic contamination in the procedural blanks, collected by 12 participating laboratories, had between 7 and 511 particles, with a mean of 80 particles per sample (±SD 134). The most common color and morphology reported were black fibers, and the most common size fraction reported was 20–212 μm. The lack of even smaller particles is likely due to limits of detection versus lack of contamination, as very few labs reported particles <20 μm. Participating labs used a range of QA/QC techniques, including air filtration, filtered water, and working in contained/’enclosed’ environments. Our analyses showed that these procedures did not significantly affect blank contamination. To inform blank subtraction, several subtraction methods were tested. No clear pattern based on total recovery was observed. Despite our results, we recommend commonly accepted procedures such as thorough training and cleaning procedures, air filtration, filtered water (e.g., MilliQ, deionized or reverse osmosis), non-synthetic clothing policies and ‘enclosed’ air flow systems (e.g., clean cabinet). We also recommend blank subtracting by a combination of particle characteristics (color, morphology and size fraction), as it likely provides final microplastic particle characteristics that are most representative of the sample. Further work should be done to assess other QA/QC parameters, such as the use of other types of blanks (e.g., field blanks, matrix blanks) and limits of detection and quantification. |
| ArticleNumber | 138883 |
| Author | Lusher, Amy L. Minor, Elizabeth C. T Lee, Chih-Fen Munno, Keenan McNeish, Rachel E. Gray, Andrew Primpke, Sebastian Wong, Charles S. Hankett, Jeanne Ho, Kay Rochman, Chelsea |
| AuthorAffiliation | b Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway c University of Bergen, Department of Biological Sciences, Bergen, Norway e Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA d Large Lakes Observatory and Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA g BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Ave., Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA a Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada h Water Quality Laboratory, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, CA, 91750, United States k Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Costa Mesa, CA, 92656, USA f US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA i Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498, Helgoland, Germany j Departmen |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: e Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA – name: h Water Quality Laboratory, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, CA, 91750, United States – name: g BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Ave., Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA – name: i Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498, Helgoland, Germany – name: f US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA – name: k Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Costa Mesa, CA, 92656, USA – name: b Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway – name: d Large Lakes Observatory and Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA – name: a Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – name: j Department of Biology, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA – name: c University of Bergen, Department of Biological Sciences, Bergen, Norway |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Keenan surname: Munno fullname: Munno, Keenan email: keenan.munno@mail.utoronto.ca organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Amy L. orcidid: 0000-0003-0539-2974 surname: Lusher fullname: Lusher, Amy L. organization: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway – sequence: 3 givenname: Elizabeth C. surname: Minor fullname: Minor, Elizabeth C. organization: Large Lakes Observatory and Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Andrew orcidid: 0000-0003-2252-7367 surname: Gray fullname: Gray, Andrew organization: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Kay surname: Ho fullname: Ho, Kay organization: US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Jeanne surname: Hankett fullname: Hankett, Jeanne organization: BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Ave., Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Chih-Fen surname: T Lee fullname: T Lee, Chih-Fen organization: Water Quality Laboratory, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, CA, 91750, United States – sequence: 8 givenname: Sebastian surname: Primpke fullname: Primpke, Sebastian organization: Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498, Helgoland, Germany – sequence: 9 givenname: Rachel E. orcidid: 0000-0002-8671-1692 surname: McNeish fullname: McNeish, Rachel E. organization: Department of Biology, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Charles S. orcidid: 0000-0002-5743-2942 surname: Wong fullname: Wong, Charles S. organization: Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Costa Mesa, CA, 92656, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: Chelsea orcidid: 0000-0002-7624-711X surname: Rochman fullname: Rochman, Chelsea email: chelsea.rochman@utoronto.ca organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37169088$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | Cross contamination Controls QA/QC Plastic Procedural contamination Methods |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 All authors conceptualized the questions and methodologies together in a working group. KM, KH, ECM, CTL performed data analysis and KM created figures for the manuscript. The writing was led by KM. All authors contributed to the editing. CR and CW led project administration. Author contributions |
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