Drinking Water Temperature around the Globe: Understanding, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

Water temperature is often monitored at water sources and treatment works; however, there is limited monitoring of the water temperature in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS), despite a known impact on physical, chemical and microbial reactions which impact water quality. A key parameter...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Water (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 4; p. 1049
Main Authors: Agudelo-Vera, Claudia, Avvedimento, Stefania, Boxall, Joby, Creaco, Enrico, de Kater, Henk, Di Nardo, Armando, Djukic, Aleksandar, Douterelo, Isabel, Fish, Katherine E., Iglesias Rey, Pedro L., Jacimovic, Nenad, Jacobs, Heinz E., Kapelan, Zoran, Martinez Solano, Javier, Montoya Pachongo, Carolina, Piller, Olivier, Quintiliani, Claudia, Ručka, Jan, Tuhovčák, Ladislav, Blokker, Mirjam
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.04.2020
MDPI
Subjects:
Biofilms
Chlorine
Civil Engineering
Climate change
climatic factors
Consumers
diameter
Disinfection & disinfectants
Drinking water
Engineering Sciences
Environmental aspects
heat island
Hydraulics
Infrastructure
issues and policy
knowledge
Literature reviews
Methods
Microorganisms
monitoring
Quality standards
Questionnaires
Researchers
Risques
soil temperature
stakeholders
surveys
Thermal properties
topology
Urban climatology
Urban heat islands
water
water distribution
Water quality
Water quality management
Water shortages
Water supply
Water temperature
Netherlands
Czech Republic
United Kingdom > UK
France
water distribution system
shallow underground
water quality and safety
subsurface urban heat island
tap water temperature
water quality
underground hotspots
climate change
ISSN:2073-4441, 2073-4441
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Water temperature is often monitored at water sources and treatment works; however, there is limited monitoring of the water temperature in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS), despite a known impact on physical, chemical and microbial reactions which impact water quality. A key parameter influencing drinking water temperature is soil temperature, which is influenced by the urban heat island effects. This paper provides critique and comprehensive summary of the current knowledge, policies and challenges regarding drinking water temperature research and presents the findings from a survey of international stakeholders. Knowledge gaps as well as challenges and opportunities for monitoring and research are identified. The conclusion of the study is that temperature in the DWDS is an emerging concern in various countries regardless of the water source and treatment, climate conditions, or network characteristics such as topology, pipe material or diameter. More research is needed, especially to determine (i) the effect of higher temperatures, (ii) a legislative limit on temperature and (iii) measures to comply with this limit.
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ISSN:2073-4441
2073-4441
DOI:10.3390/w12041049