Influence of the painting medium on the alteration process of smalt in oil paintings studied using combined K and Co K-edge XANES

This study investigates the alteration processes affecting the smalt pigment in historical artworks through a combination of analytical techniques including X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the potassium (K) and cobalt (Co) K-edges, coupled with scanning electron microsco...

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Vydáno v:	Applied physics. A, Materials science & processing Ročník 130; číslo 11; s. 781
Hlavní autoři:	de Mecquenem, Clément, Eveno, Myriam, Zurbach, Damaris, Mösl, Kristina, Cotte, Marine, Reiche, Ina
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.11.2024 Springer Nature B.V Springer Verlag
Edice:	SR2A - Synchrotron radiation and neutrons in Art and Archaeology 2023
Témata:	18th century Aging Art works Binding Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemical Sciences Clustering Cobalt Condensed Matter Physics Data analysis Degradation Humanities and Social Sciences Machines Manufacturing Nanotechnology Oil painting Optical and Electronic Materials Paints Physics Physics and Astronomy Pigments Potassium Processes S.I. : SR2A - Synchrotron radiation and neutrons in Art and Archaeology 2023 Scanning electron microscopy Spectral signatures Spectrum analysis SR2A - Synchrotron radiation and neutrons in Art and Archaeology 2023 Surfaces and Interfaces Thin Films X ray absorption X-ray fluorescence Alteration Smalt XANES Medium Oil paintings smalt oil paintings alteration medium
ISSN:	0947-8396, 1432-0630
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Abstract	This study investigates the alteration processes affecting the smalt pigment in historical artworks through a combination of analytical techniques including X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the potassium (K) and cobalt (Co) K-edges, coupled with scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and micro X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping (µ-XRF). Laboratory mock-up samples prepared with different oil binding media were artificially aged, revealing varying rates of smalt degradation. µ-XANES analyses at the K K-edge provided grain-scale insights into smalt alteration, highlighting the influence of binding media composition on degradation kinetics. Crossed clustering data analysis over K µ-XANES acquired on both model samples and historical cross-sections corroborated findings and identified distinct spectral signatures associated with different stages of smalt degradation. Furthermore, identification of potential transformation products such as potassium alum in historical samples emphasized the dynamic nature of pigment alteration processes.
AbstractList	This study investigates the alteration processes affecting the smalt pigment in historical artworks through a combination of analytical techniques including X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the potassium (K) and cobalt (Co) K-edges, coupled with scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and micro X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping (µ-XRF). Laboratory mock-up samples prepared with different oil binding media were artificially aged, revealing varying rates of smalt degradation. µ-XANES analyses at the K K-edge provided grain-scale insights into smalt alteration, highlighting the influence of binding media composition on degradation kinetics. Crossed clustering data analysis over K µ-XANES acquired on both model samples and historical cross-sections corroborated findings and identified distinct spectral signatures associated with different stages of smalt degradation. Furthermore, identification of potential transformation products such as potassium alum in historical samples emphasized the dynamic nature of pigment alteration processes.
ArticleNumber	781
Author	Reiche, Ina Cotte, Marine Zurbach, Damaris de Mecquenem, Clément Mösl, Kristina Eveno, Myriam
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Cites_doi	10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-03799-4 10.1021/ac200184f 10.1039/C6JA00356G 10.1016/j.crhy.2009.08.006 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00020-8 10.1088/1742-6596/425/18/182004 10.1039/c3ay40906f 10.3406/crai.2009.92472 10.1016/j.sab.2006.12.002 10.1179/sic.1969.005 10.1039/c2ja30132f
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Keywords	Alteration Smalt XANES Medium Oil paintings smalt oil paintings alteration medium
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SubjectTerms	18th century Aging Art works Binding Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemical Sciences Clustering Cobalt Condensed Matter Physics Data analysis Degradation Humanities and Social Sciences Machines Manufacturing Nanotechnology Oil painting Optical and Electronic Materials Paints Physics Physics and Astronomy Pigments Potassium Processes S.I. : SR2A - Synchrotron radiation and neutrons in Art and Archaeology 2023 Scanning electron microscopy Spectral signatures Spectrum analysis SR2A - Synchrotron radiation and neutrons in Art and Archaeology 2023 Surfaces and Interfaces Thin Films X ray absorption X-ray fluorescence
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Title	Influence of the painting medium on the alteration process of smalt in oil paintings studied using combined K and Co K-edge XANES
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