How to define the system in social life cycle assessments? A critical review of the state of the art and identification of needed developments

Purpose This literature review aims at fostering the use of social life cycle assessment (SLCA) and improving the robustness of the method by focusing on one primordial element: system boundaries definition. Our goal is to provide an overview of methods used to create the product system and the cut-...

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Vydáno v:	The international journal of life cycle assessment Ročník 23; číslo 3; s. 507 - 518
Hlavní autoři:	Dubois-Iorgulescu, Ana-Maria, Saraiva, Anna Karin Elisabeth Bernstad, Valle, Rogerio, Rodrigues, Leonardo Mangia
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.03.2018 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Boundaries Boundary element method Case studies Criteria Cut-off Decision analysis developmental stages Earth and Environmental Science Economics Empirical analysis energy flow Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Economics Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Life cycle analysis Life cycle assessment Life cycle engineering life cycle sustainability assessment Life cycles Literature reviews markets motivation product system Sensitivity analysis social impact Social Lca in Progress Social life & customs socioeconomics State-of-the-art reviews System boundaries SLCA Social LCA Sensitivity analysis Cut-off System description
ISSN:	0948-3349, 1614-7502
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Abstract	Purpose This literature review aims at fostering the use of social life cycle assessment (SLCA) and improving the robustness of the method by focusing on one primordial element: system boundaries definition. Our goal is to provide an overview of methods used to create the product system and the cut-off criteria applied. Methods We analyse SLCA case studies from peer-reviewed journals and some academic reports published from 2009 until 2015. Amongst the 33 SLCAs identified, 9 are within an life cycle sustainability assessment. We analyse how authors conceptually define the product system and the implications of their different approaches. We also classify and describe the criteria used for cut-off and their justification. Results and discussion We find that two conceptual views of the system exist, and often coexist, in reviewed case studies; one technical approach, defining life cycle stages in terms of technical processes related by material or energy flows, and one description of the system in socio-economic terms, selecting organisations as system units. Those organisations are where technical processes take place or are the economic actors whose functioning is influenced through market and economic ties by the life cycle of the product (consequentially indirect sources of social impacts). Cut-off criteria are applied in 15 cases. They are mostly qualitative, have a high variability in their justifications and are distributed in four groups: social significance, empirical motivations, identical elements and significant dependency and decision relevancy. Two articles conduct a sensitivity analysis, showing radically different results depending on the conceptual view leading the design of the system. Finally, we see that the conceptual view of the system and applied cut-off criteria depend on the objectives of the assessment, the targeted audience and the methodology chosen to conduct the SLCA. Conclusions Differing conceptual approaches of the system and very diverse cut-off criteria used are identified in SLCA case studies. This variability allows a better adaptation of studied systems to the objectives of the assessments. Justifications for system boundaries setting is many times lacking or not systematised. A more rigorous documentation of system boundaries setting in future case studies and research is recommended.
AbstractList	PurposeThis literature review aims at fostering the use of social life cycle assessment (SLCA) and improving the robustness of the method by focusing on one primordial element: system boundaries definition. Our goal is to provide an overview of methods used to create the product system and the cut-off criteria applied.MethodsWe analyse SLCA case studies from peer-reviewed journals and some academic reports published from 2009 until 2015. Amongst the 33 SLCAs identified, 9 are within an life cycle sustainability assessment. We analyse how authors conceptually define the product system and the implications of their different approaches. We also classify and describe the criteria used for cut-off and their justification.Results and discussionWe find that two conceptual views of the system exist, and often coexist, in reviewed case studies; one technical approach, defining life cycle stages in terms of technical processes related by material or energy flows, and one description of the system in socio-economic terms, selecting organisations as system units. Those organisations are where technical processes take place or are the economic actors whose functioning is influenced through market and economic ties by the life cycle of the product (consequentially indirect sources of social impacts). Cut-off criteria are applied in 15 cases. They are mostly qualitative, have a high variability in their justifications and are distributed in four groups: social significance, empirical motivations, identical elements and significant dependency and decision relevancy. Two articles conduct a sensitivity analysis, showing radically different results depending on the conceptual view leading the design of the system. Finally, we see that the conceptual view of the system and applied cut-off criteria depend on the objectives of the assessment, the targeted audience and the methodology chosen to conduct the SLCA.ConclusionsDiffering conceptual approaches of the system and very diverse cut-off criteria used are identified in SLCA case studies. This variability allows a better adaptation of studied systems to the objectives of the assessments. Justifications for system boundaries setting is many times lacking or not systematised. A more rigorous documentation of system boundaries setting in future case studies and research is recommended. PURPOSE: This literature review aims at fostering the use of social life cycle assessment (SLCA) and improving the robustness of the method by focusing on one primordial element: system boundaries definition. Our goal is to provide an overview of methods used to create the product system and the cut-off criteria applied. METHODS: We analyse SLCA case studies from peer-reviewed journals and some academic reports published from 2009 until 2015. Amongst the 33 SLCAs identified, 9 are within an life cycle sustainability assessment. We analyse how authors conceptually define the product system and the implications of their different approaches. We also classify and describe the criteria used for cut-off and their justification. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We find that two conceptual views of the system exist, and often coexist, in reviewed case studies; one technical approach, defining life cycle stages in terms of technical processes related by material or energy flows, and one description of the system in socio-economic terms, selecting organisations as system units. Those organisations are where technical processes take place or are the economic actors whose functioning is influenced through market and economic ties by the life cycle of the product (consequentially indirect sources of social impacts). Cut-off criteria are applied in 15 cases. They are mostly qualitative, have a high variability in their justifications and are distributed in four groups: social significance, empirical motivations, identical elements and significant dependency and decision relevancy. Two articles conduct a sensitivity analysis, showing radically different results depending on the conceptual view leading the design of the system. Finally, we see that the conceptual view of the system and applied cut-off criteria depend on the objectives of the assessment, the targeted audience and the methodology chosen to conduct the SLCA. CONCLUSIONS: Differing conceptual approaches of the system and very diverse cut-off criteria used are identified in SLCA case studies. This variability allows a better adaptation of studied systems to the objectives of the assessments. Justifications for system boundaries setting is many times lacking or not systematised. A more rigorous documentation of system boundaries setting in future case studies and research is recommended. Purpose This literature review aims at fostering the use of social life cycle assessment (SLCA) and improving the robustness of the method by focusing on one primordial element: system boundaries definition. Our goal is to provide an overview of methods used to create the product system and the cut-off criteria applied. Methods We analyse SLCA case studies from peer-reviewed journals and some academic reports published from 2009 until 2015. Amongst the 33 SLCAs identified, 9 are within an life cycle sustainability assessment. We analyse how authors conceptually define the product system and the implications of their different approaches. We also classify and describe the criteria used for cut-off and their justification. Results and discussion We find that two conceptual views of the system exist, and often coexist, in reviewed case studies; one technical approach, defining life cycle stages in terms of technical processes related by material or energy flows, and one description of the system in socio-economic terms, selecting organisations as system units. Those organisations are where technical processes take place or are the economic actors whose functioning is influenced through market and economic ties by the life cycle of the product (consequentially indirect sources of social impacts). Cut-off criteria are applied in 15 cases. They are mostly qualitative, have a high variability in their justifications and are distributed in four groups: social significance, empirical motivations, identical elements and significant dependency and decision relevancy. Two articles conduct a sensitivity analysis, showing radically different results depending on the conceptual view leading the design of the system. Finally, we see that the conceptual view of the system and applied cut-off criteria depend on the objectives of the assessment, the targeted audience and the methodology chosen to conduct the SLCA. Conclusions Differing conceptual approaches of the system and very diverse cut-off criteria used are identified in SLCA case studies. This variability allows a better adaptation of studied systems to the objectives of the assessments. Justifications for system boundaries setting is many times lacking or not systematised. A more rigorous documentation of system boundaries setting in future case studies and research is recommended.
Author	Dubois-Iorgulescu, Ana-Maria Valle, Rogerio Saraiva, Anna Karin Elisabeth Bernstad Rodrigues, Leonardo Mangia
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Copyright	Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment is a copyright of Springer, (2016). All Rights Reserved.
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Snippet	Purpose This literature review aims at fostering the use of social life cycle assessment (SLCA) and improving the robustness of the method by focusing on one... PurposeThis literature review aims at fostering the use of social life cycle assessment (SLCA) and improving the robustness of the method by focusing on one... PURPOSE: This literature review aims at fostering the use of social life cycle assessment (SLCA) and improving the robustness of the method by focusing on one...
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SubjectTerms	Boundaries Boundary element method Case studies Criteria Cut-off Decision analysis developmental stages Earth and Environmental Science Economics Empirical analysis energy flow Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Economics Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Life cycle analysis Life cycle assessment Life cycle engineering life cycle sustainability assessment Life cycles Literature reviews markets motivation product system Sensitivity analysis social impact Social Lca in Progress Social life & customs socioeconomics State-of-the-art reviews
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Title	How to define the system in social life cycle assessments? A critical review of the state of the art and identification of needed developments
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