Threshold Definition for Monitoring Gapa Landslide under Large Variations in Reservoir Level Using GNSS

The triggering threshold is one of the most important parameters for landslide early warning systems (EWSs) at the slope scale. In the present work, a velocity threshold is recommended for an early warning system of the Gapa landslide in Southwest China, which was reactivated by the impoundment of a...

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Vydáno v:Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Ročník 13; číslo 24; s. 4977
Hlavní autoři: Wu, Shuangshuang, Hu, Xinli, Zheng, Wenbo, Berti, Matteo, Qiao, Zhitian, Shen, Wei
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Basel MDPI AG 01.12.2021
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ISSN:2072-4292, 2072-4292
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Abstract The triggering threshold is one of the most important parameters for landslide early warning systems (EWSs) at the slope scale. In the present work, a velocity threshold is recommended for an early warning system of the Gapa landslide in Southwest China, which was reactivated by the impoundment of a large reservoir behind Jinping’s first dam. Based on GNSS monitoring data over the last five years, the velocity threshold is defined by a novel method, which is implemented by the forward and reverse double moving average of time series. As the landslide deformation is strongly related to the fluctuations in reservoir water levels, a crucial water level is also defined to reduce false warnings from the velocity threshold alone. In recognition of the importance of geological evolution, the evolution process of the Gapa landslide from topping to sliding is described in this study to help to understand its behavior and predict its potential trends. Moreover, based on the improved Saito’s three-stage deformation model, the warning level is set as “attention level”, because the current deformation stage of the landslide is considered to be between the initial and constant stages. At present, the early warning system mainly consists of six surface displacement monitoring sites and one water level observation site. If the daily recorded velocity in each monitoring site exceeds 4 mm/d and, meanwhile, the water level is below 1820 m above sea level (asl), a warning of likely landslide deformation accelerations will be released by relevant monitoring sites. The thresholds are always discretely exceeded on about 3% of annual monitoring days, and they are most frequently exceeded in June (especially in mid-June). The thresholds provide an efficient and effective way for judging accelerations of this landslide and are verified by the current application. The work presented provides critical insights into the development of early warning systems for reservoir-induced large-scale landslides.
AbstractList The triggering threshold is one of the most important parameters for landslide early warning systems (EWSs) at the slope scale. In the present work, a velocity threshold is recommended for an early warning system of the Gapa landslide in Southwest China, which was reactivated by the impoundment of a large reservoir behind Jinping’s first dam. Based on GNSS monitoring data over the last five years, the velocity threshold is defined by a novel method, which is implemented by the forward and reverse double moving average of time series. As the landslide deformation is strongly related to the fluctuations in reservoir water levels, a crucial water level is also defined to reduce false warnings from the velocity threshold alone. In recognition of the importance of geological evolution, the evolution process of the Gapa landslide from topping to sliding is described in this study to help to understand its behavior and predict its potential trends. Moreover, based on the improved Saito’s three-stage deformation model, the warning level is set as “attention level”, because the current deformation stage of the landslide is considered to be between the initial and constant stages. At present, the early warning system mainly consists of six surface displacement monitoring sites and one water level observation site. If the daily recorded velocity in each monitoring site exceeds 4 mm/d and, meanwhile, the water level is below 1820 m above sea level (asl), a warning of likely landslide deformation accelerations will be released by relevant monitoring sites. The thresholds are always discretely exceeded on about 3% of annual monitoring days, and they are most frequently exceeded in June (especially in mid-June). The thresholds provide an efficient and effective way for judging accelerations of this landslide and are verified by the current application. The work presented provides critical insights into the development of early warning systems for reservoir-induced large-scale landslides.
Author Shen, Wei
Qiao, Zhitian
Zheng, Wenbo
Wu, Shuangshuang
Berti, Matteo
Hu, Xinli
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Snippet The triggering threshold is one of the most important parameters for landslide early warning systems (EWSs) at the slope scale. In the present work, a velocity...
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StartPage 4977
SubjectTerms China
Dams
Deformation
early warning system
Early warning systems
Emergency communications systems
Evolution
Failure
GNSS
Hydroelectric power
landslide
Landslides
Landslides & mudslides
Monitoring
Reservoirs
Sea level
Stone
threshold
Thresholds
time series analysis
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Velocity
Warning systems
water level
Water level fluctuations
Water levels
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Title Threshold Definition for Monitoring Gapa Landslide under Large Variations in Reservoir Level Using GNSS
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