Enumeration of three-quadrant walks via invariants: some diagonally symmetric models
In the past $20$ years, the enumeration of plane lattice walks confined to a convex cone—normalized into the first quadrant—has received a lot of attention, stimulated the development of several original approaches, and led to a rich collection of results. Most of these results deal with the nature...
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| Vydané v: | Canadian journal of mathematics Ročník 75; číslo 5; s. 1566 - 1632 |
|---|---|
| Hlavný autor: | |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Vydavateľské údaje: |
Canada
Canadian Mathematical Society
01.10.2023
Cambridge University Press |
| Predmet: | |
| ISSN: | 0008-414X, 1496-4279 |
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| Shrnutí: | In the past
$20$
years, the enumeration of plane lattice walks confined to a convex cone—normalized into the first quadrant—has received a lot of attention, stimulated the development of several original approaches, and led to a rich collection of results. Most of these results deal with the nature of the associated generating function: for which models is it algebraic, D-finite, D-algebraic? By model, what we mean is a finite collection of allowed steps. More recently, similar questions have been raised for nonconvex cones, typically the three-quadrant cone
$\mathcal {C} = \{ (i,j) : i \geq 0 \text { or } j \geq 0 \}$
. They turn out to be more difficult than their quadrant counterparts. In this paper, we investigate a collection of eight models in
$\mathcal {C}$
, which can be seen as the first level of difficulty beyond quadrant problems. This collection consists of diagonally symmetric models in
$\{-1, 0,1\}^2\setminus \{(-1,1), (1,-1)\}$
. Three of them are known not to be D-algebraic. We show that the remaining five can be solved in a uniform fashion using Tutte’s notion of invariants, which has already proved useful for some quadrant models. Three models are found to be algebraic, one is (only) D-finite, and the last one is (only) D-algebraic. We also solve in the same fashion the diagonal model
$\{ \nearrow , \nwarrow , \swarrow , \searrow \}$
, which is D-finite. The three algebraic models are those of the Kreweras trilogy,
$\mathcal S=\{\nearrow , \leftarrow , \downarrow \}$
,
$\mathcal S^*=\{\rightarrow , \uparrow , \swarrow \}$
, and
$\mathcal S\cup \mathcal S^*$
. Our solutions take similar forms for all six models. Roughly speaking, the square of the generating function of three-quadrant walks with steps in
$\mathcal S$
is an explicit rational function in the quadrant generating function with steps in
$\mathscr S:= \{(j-i,j): (i,j) \in \mathcal S\}$
. We derive various exact or asymptotic corollaries, including an explicit algebraic description of a positive harmonic function in
$\mathcal C$
for the (reverses of the) five models that are at least D-finite. |
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| Bibliografia: | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| ISSN: | 0008-414X 1496-4279 |
| DOI: | 10.4153/S0008414X22000487 |