Sex-Related Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of higher and earlier morbidity and mortality in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared to people without diabetes. In addition, women with T1D are at an even higher relative risk for CVD than men. However, the underlying pathophysiology is not w...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 19; p. 10192
Main Authors: Smigoc Schweiger, Darja, Battelino, Tadej, Groselj, Urh
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2021
MDPI
Subjects:
Cardiovascular disease
Gender differences
Hyperglycemia
Insulin resistance
Kinases
Metabolic disorders
Mortality
Nitric oxide
Obesity
Review
Womens health
ISSN:1422-0067, 1661-6596, 1422-0067
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of higher and earlier morbidity and mortality in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared to people without diabetes. In addition, women with T1D are at an even higher relative risk for CVD than men. However, the underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. Atherosclerotic changes are known to progress early in life among people with T1D, yet it is less clear when excess CVD risk begins in females with T1D. This review explores the prevalence of classical CVD risk factors (such as glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, albuminuria, smoking, diet, physical inactivity), as well as of novel biomarkers (such as chronic inflammation), in children and adolescents with T1D with particular regard to sex-related differences in risk profile. We also summarize gaps where further research and clearer clinical guidance are needed to better address this issue. Considering that girls with T1D might have a more adverse CVD risk profile than boys, the early identification of and sex-specific intervention in T1D would have the potential to reduce later CVD morbidity and excess mortality in females with T1D. To conclude, based on an extensive review of the existing literature, we found a clear difference between boys and girls with T1D in the presence of individual CVD risk factors as well as in overall CVD risk profiles; the girls were on the whole more impacted.
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ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms221910192