Low-Cost CO2 NDIR Sensors: Performance Evaluation and Calibration Using Machine Learning Techniques

The study comprehensively evaluates low-cost CO2 sensors from different price tiers, assessing their performance against a reference-grade instrument and exploring the possibility of calibration using different machine learning techniques. Three sensors (Sunrise AB by Senseair, K30 CO2 by Senseair,...

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Vydané v:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Ročník 24; číslo 17; s. 5675
Hlavní autori: Dubey, Ravish, Telles, Arina, Nikkel, James, Cao, Chang, Gewirtzman, Jonathan, Raymond, Peter A., Lee, Xuhui
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: Basel MDPI AG 01.09.2024
Predmet:
Accuracy
Calibration
Carbon dioxide
College campuses
collocated measurements
Communication
Greenhouse gases
Humidity
Internet of Things
low-cost CO2 sensors
Machine learning
machine learning calibration
Nitrogen dioxide
Performance evaluation
Sensors
United States > US
ISSN:1424-8220, 1424-8220
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Shrnutí:The study comprehensively evaluates low-cost CO2 sensors from different price tiers, assessing their performance against a reference-grade instrument and exploring the possibility of calibration using different machine learning techniques. Three sensors (Sunrise AB by Senseair, K30 CO2 by Senseair, and GMP 343 by Vaisala) were tested alongside a reference instrument (Los Gatos precision greenhouse gas analyzer). The results revealed differences in sensor performance, with the higher cost Vaisala sensors exhibiting superior accuracy. Despite its lower price, the Sunrise sensors still demonstrated reasonable accuracy. Meanwhile, the K30 sensor measurements displayed higher variability and noise. Machine learning models, including linear regression, gradient boosting regression, and random forest regression, were employed for sensor calibration. In general, linear regression models performed best for extrapolating data, whereas decision tree-based models were generally more useful in handling non-linear datasets. Notably, a stack ensemble model combining these techniques outperformed the individual models and significantly improved sensor accuracy by approximately 65%. Overall, this study contributes to filling the gap in intercomparing CO2 sensors across different price categories and underscores the potential of machine learning for enhancing sensor accuracy, particularly in low-cost sensor applications.
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ISSN:1424-8220
1424-8220
DOI:10.3390/s24175675