c-Myc-targeted therapy in breast cancer: A review of fundamentals and pharmacological Insights

•c-Myc is an oncogene, highly expressed in breast cancer (BC).•c-Myc expression is most prevalent in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).•c-Myc is linked to several BC hallmarks, including cell proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, apoptosis, and protein biosynthesis.•Natural and synthetic sub...

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Published in:	Gene Vol. 941; p. 149209
Main Authors:	Stipp, Maria Carolina, Acco, Alexandra
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 15.03.2025
Subjects:	angiogenesis Animals Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology Antineoplastic Agents - therapeutic use apoptosis autophagy Breast cancer therapy breast neoplasms Breast Neoplasms - drug therapy Breast Neoplasms - genetics Breast Neoplasms - metabolism c-Myc Carcinogenesis cell proliferation chromosomal instability clinical trials erbB-2 receptor estrogen receptors Female Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic - drug effects genes Humans immune evasion Molecular Targeted Therapy neoplasm progression Oncogene oncogene proteins progesterone receptors protein synthesis Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc - antagonists & inhibitors Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc - genetics Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc - metabolism therapeutics TNBC Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms - drug therapy Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms - genetics Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms - metabolism PR MDSC HIF-1α HR IL-23 TNM AKT1 DA-EPOCH Anti-PD1 TNBC MMCI AF c-Myc BL1 b/HLD/LZ BL2 BKT p-YAP CDC25C CSF-1 INF-gamma IL-10 IL-6 RB MMP-2 E2f-1 ALOX15 M Carcinogenesis BCSC S62 BAK-1 P CCL-9 IRE1 PD-L1 TGF-β CCL-5 CpG GLUT1 OX-40 XBP1 MSL CDC2 CDK9 BCL-10 STAT CHK1 TAD TIL CDK1 aOX40 LAR BCL2L1 FGFR1 TAM MNK1 OMO-103 PTEN BRCA1 CUDC-907 NF-κB eif4E P27 ALDH1 MRC1 EPOCH MHC-I MYCi975 VIP152 Ki67 MAX45 CD-47 NHE III1 H2S EMT ER MMP9 miR1-17 PANC-1 Ck5/8 TLR9 NK MK-1026 PARP G4 CSC CD-8 CCL2 MAPK1 UNS MICA Brd4 MICB SRC-1 Erk1/2 NCCTG-N9831 RRM1 CDK4/6 EGF VEGF Oncogene TME P53 PI3KCA VEGFA Mcl-1 Breast cancer therapy T58 4E-BP1 HER2 PRKD
ISSN:	0378-1119, 1879-0038, 1879-0038
Online Access:	Get full text
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Summary:	•c-Myc is an oncogene, highly expressed in breast cancer (BC).•c-Myc expression is most prevalent in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).•c-Myc is linked to several BC hallmarks, including cell proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, apoptosis, and protein biosynthesis.•Natural and synthetic substances have been studied in in silico, in vitro, and in vivo breast cancer models.•The c-Myc inhibitor OMO-103 is in Phase II clinical trial for advanced cancer patients. The oncoprotein c-Myc is expressed in all breast cancer subtypes, but its expression is higher in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to estrogen receptor (ER+), progesterone receptor (PR+), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+) positive tumors. The c-Myc gene is crucial for tumor progression and therapy resistance, impacting cell proliferation, differentiation, senescence, angiogenesis, immune evasion, metabolism, invasion, autophagy, apoptosis, chromosomal instability, and protein biosynthesis. Targeting c-Myc has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for TNBC, a highly aggressive and deadly breast cancer form. This review highlights c-Myc as a pharmacological target, discussing antitumor compounds in preclinical and clinical trials. Notably, the c-Myc inhibitor OMO-103 has shown promise in a Phase II clinical trial for advanced cancer patients. Further research is needed to develop new drugs targeting this gene, protein, or its pathways, and additional studies on cancer patients are encouraged.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	0378-1119 1879-0038 1879-0038
DOI:	10.1016/j.gene.2024.149209