Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Airflow Patterns and Particle Deposition Characteristics in Children Upper Respiratory Tracts

As findings from studies of airflow patterns and particle deposition in the upper respiratory tracts (URTs) of adults may not be readily extrapolated to studies of the URTs of children, due to the differences in airway anatomy and breathing conditions, the effects of pediatric, physiological feature...

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Vydané v:	Engineering applications of computational fluid mechanics Ročník 6; číslo 4; s. 556 - 571
Hlavní autori:	Liu, Zhijian, Li, Angui, Xu, Xiaoxia, Gao, Ran
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Hong Kong Taylor & Francis 2012 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Predmet:	Adults Aerodynamics Air flow Air pollution airflow patterns Breathing Bronchi children upper respiratory tract Childrens health Computational fluid dynamics computational fluid dynamics simulation Computer simulation Exhalation Flow velocity Fluid dynamics Larynx Particle deposition particle deposition rates Pharynx Physiological effects Respiration Respiratory system Simulation Stokes number Trachea
ISSN:	1994-2060, 1997-003X
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Abstract	As findings from studies of airflow patterns and particle deposition in the upper respiratory tracts (URTs) of adults may not be readily extrapolated to studies of the URTs of children, due to the differences in airway anatomy and breathing conditions, the effects of pediatric, physiological features on airflow patterns and particle deposition have been investigated utilizing an idealized model of the URTs of children. Particle deposition characteristics in a 0.01-10 mm spectrum were assessed employing a well-verified, Lagrangian tracking method for different inhalation flow rates, consistent with sedentary (3.5 L/min), light (7.0 L/min) and high (10.5 L/min) activity levels. The main results are: (1) airflow patterns during inhalation and exhalation modes are very different, while airflow patterns are similar during each inhalation or exhalation mode, while subject to three different airflow rates; (2) higher Stokes and impaction numbers are observed in the model for a 3 year old child, when compared to adults under comparably scaled activity levels; and (3) breathing airflow rates, particle diameters and particle densities are three key factors influencing particle deposition rates, with higher deposition rates for children observed when compared to adults under comparable activity levels. For identical impaction parameters, all deposition rates for children are also higher. The localized particle deposition rates in the mouth cavity are similar for children and adults, while those in the larynx, pharynx, trachea and bronchi are higher for children than for adults. Results of this study demonstrate that differences do exist between children and adults in both airflow distribution and aerosol deposition characteristics. These differences should be taken into account in the determination of children's risk exposure levels for airborne toxicants.
AbstractList	As findings from studies of airflow patterns and particle deposition in the upper respiratory tracts (URTs) of adults may not be readily extrapolated to studies of the URTs of children, due to the differences in airway anatomy and breathing conditions, the effects of pediatric, physiological features on airflow patterns and particle deposition have been investigated utilizing an idealized model of the URTs of children. Particle deposition characteristics in a 0.01-10 mm spectrum were assessed employing a well-verified, Lagrangian tracking method for different inhalation flow rates, consistent with sedentary (3.5 L/min), light (7.0 L/min) and high (10.5 L/min) activity levels. The main results are: (1) airflow patterns during inhalation and exhalation modes are very different, while airflow patterns are similar during each inhalation or exhalation mode, while subject to three different airflow rates; (2) higher Stokes and impaction numbers are observed in the model for a 3 year old child, when compared to adults under comparably scaled activity levels; and (3) breathing airflow rates, particle diameters and particle densities are three key factors influencing particle deposition rates, with higher deposition rates for children observed when compared to adults under comparable activity levels. For identical impaction parameters, all deposition rates for children are also higher. The localized particle deposition rates in the mouth cavity are similar for children and adults, while those in the larynx, pharynx, trachea and bronchi are higher for children than for adults. Results of this study demonstrate that differences do exist between children and adults in both airflow distribution and aerosol deposition characteristics. These differences should be taken into account in the determination of children's risk exposure levels for airborne toxicants.
Author	Xu, Xiaoxia Gao, Ran Li, Angui Liu, Zhijian
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Zhijian surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Zhijian email: lzj6035@163.com organization: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: Angui surname: Li fullname: Li, Angui organization: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology – sequence: 3 givenname: Xiaoxia surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Xiaoxia organization: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology – sequence: 4 givenname: Ran surname: Gao fullname: Gao, Ran organization: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology
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SubjectTerms	Adults Aerodynamics Air flow Air pollution airflow patterns Breathing Bronchi children upper respiratory tract Childrens health Computational fluid dynamics computational fluid dynamics simulation Computer simulation Exhalation Flow velocity Fluid dynamics Larynx Particle deposition particle deposition rates Pharynx Physiological effects Respiration Respiratory system Simulation Stokes number Trachea
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Title	Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Airflow Patterns and Particle Deposition Characteristics in Children Upper Respiratory Tracts
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