Compressive Acquisition CMOS Image Sensor: From the Algorithm to Hardware Implementation
In this paper, a new design paradigm referred to as compressive acquisition CMOS image sensors is introduced. The idea consists of compressing the data within each pixel prior to storage, and hence, reducing the size of the memory required for digital pixel sensor. The proposed compression algorithm...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | IEEE transactions on very large scale integration (VLSI) systems Jg. 18; H. 3; S. 490 - 500 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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New York, NY
IEEE
01.03.2010
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
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| ISSN: | 1063-8210, 1557-9999 |
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| Abstract | In this paper, a new design paradigm referred to as compressive acquisition CMOS image sensors is introduced. The idea consists of compressing the data within each pixel prior to storage, and hence, reducing the size of the memory required for digital pixel sensor. The proposed compression algorithm uses a block-based differential coding scheme in which differential values are captured and quantized online. A time-domain encoding scheme is used in our CMOS image sensor in which the brightest pixel within each block fires first and is selected as the reference pixel. The differential values between subsequent pixels and the reference within each block are calculated and quantized, using a reduced number of bits as their dynamic range is compressed. The proposed scheme enables reduced error accumulation as full precision is used at the start of each block, while also enabling reduced memory requirement, and hence, enabling significant silicon area saving. A mathematical model is derived to analyze the performance of the algorithm. Experimental results on a field-programmable gate-array (FPGA) platform illustrate that the proposed algorithm enables more than 50% memory saving at a peak signal-to-noise ratio level of 30 dB with 1.5 bit per pixel. |
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| AbstractList | In this paper, a new design paradigm referred to as compressive acquisition CMOS image sensors is introduced. The idea consists of compressing the data within each pixel prior to storage, and hence, reducing the size of the memory required for digital pixel sensor. The proposed compression algorithm uses a block-based differential coding scheme in which differential values are captured and quantized online. A time-domain encoding scheme is used in our CMOS image sensor in which the brightest pixel within each block fires first and is selected as the reference pixel. The differential values between subsequent pixels and the reference within each block are calculated and quantized, using a reduced number of bits as their dynamic range is compressed. The proposed scheme enables reduced error accumulation as full precision is used at the start of each block, while also enabling reduced memory requirement, and hence, enabling significant silicon area saving. A mathematical model is derived to analyze the performance of the algorithm. Experimental results on a field-programmable gate-array (FPGA) platform illustrate that the proposed algorithm enables more than 50% memory saving at a peak signal-to-noise ratio level of 30 dB with 1.5 bit per pixel. |
| Author | Milin Zhang Bermak, A. |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1109/JSEN.2006.870144 10.1109/IEDM.2002.1175960 10.1109/76.260200 10.1109/7.106126 10.1109/83.336246 10.1109/30.320838 10.1109/16.877174 10.1109/TCOM.1983.1095893 10.1109/ICSENS.2002.1037011 10.1109/APCCAS.2006.342403 10.1109/MCD.2005.1438751 10.1109/4.972156 10.1038/35013140 10.1109/TCSII.2005.862042 10.1109/MP.2003.1197877 10.1109/ICSICT.1995.503540 10.1109/26.46533 10.1109/T-ED.1968.16167 10.1109/T-C.1974.223784 10.1109/ISCAS.2002.1010386 10.1109/DATE.2005.16 10.1109/TCSI.2006.887460 10.1117/12.342849 10.1109/ISCAS.2005.1465414 10.1109/ICASSP.2006.1660813 10.1109/JSSC.2004.831492 10.1109/ISCAS.1990.112652 |
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| Keywords | Block code Measurement sensor Data storage CMOS image sensors On-line systems Field programmable gate array Algorithm Pulse code modulation Implementation online block-based compression algorithm Time domain method Algorithm performance Coding differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) digital pixel sensors (DPSs) Miniaturization Mathematical model Compressive acquisition Differential modulation Signal to noise ratio |
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| References_xml | – volume: 1900 start-page: 2 year: 1993 ident: ref29 article-title: active pixel sensors: are ccd's dinosaurs? publication-title: Int Soc Opt Eng – start-page: 907 year: 2006 ident: ref13 article-title: vlsi architectures for jpeg 2000 ebcot publication-title: Proc Asilomar Conf Signals Syst Comput – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2006.870144 – year: 2006 ident: ref34 publication-title: Adaptive relative and absolute address coding CMOS imager technique and system architecture – start-page: 1/1 year: 1993 ident: ref8 article-title: wavelets? publication-title: Proc IEE Colloq Appl Wavelet Transforms Image Process – start-page: 2355 year: 2007 ident: ref37 article-title: A low power CMOS image sensor design for wireless endoscopy capsule publication-title: Proc IEEE Biomed Circuit Syst Conf – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.2002.1175960 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/76.260200 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1109/7.106126 – start-page: 312 year: 1999 ident: ref33 article-title: a 250 mw, 60 frames/s 1280<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex notation="tex">$ \,\times\,$</tex></formula>720 pixel 9 b cmos digital image sensor publication-title: Proc IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1109/83.336246 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/30.320838 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1109/16.877174 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/TCOM.1983.1095893 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/ICSENS.2002.1037011 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1109/APCCAS.2006.342403 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1109/MCD.2005.1438751 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1109/4.972156 – volume: 405 start-page: 417 year: 2000 ident: ref19 article-title: Wireless capsule endoscopy publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/35013140 – volume: 53 start-page: 304 year: 2006 ident: ref12 article-title: Memory-efficient architecture for JPEG 2000 coprocessor with large tile image publication-title: IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Exp Briefs doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2005.862042 – year: 1993 ident: ref3 publication-title: JPEG Still Image Data Compression Standard – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/MP.2003.1197877 – start-page: 21 year: 2007 ident: ref22 article-title: CMOS image sensors: State-of-the-art and future perspectives publication-title: Proc European Solid State Device Research Conf – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1109/ICSICT.1995.503540 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/26.46533 – year: 0 ident: ref4 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1109/T-ED.1968.16167 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/T-C.1974.223784 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2002.1010386 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1109/DATE.2005.16 – volume: 54 start-page: 13 year: 2007 ident: ref31 article-title: Adaptive-quantization digital image sensor for low-power image compression publication-title: IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Reg Papers doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2006.887460 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1117/12.342849 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2005.1465414 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1109/ICASSP.2006.1660813 – volume: 3650 start-page: 2 year: 1999 ident: ref25 article-title: Pixel-level processing: Why, what, and how? publication-title: Proc SPIE Sens Cameras Appl Digital Photography doi: 10.1117/12.342849 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2004.831492 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.1990.112652 |
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| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Applied sciences Blocking Circuit properties CMOS CMOS image sensors Compressing Compression algorithms Compressive acquisition differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) Digital cameras Digital circuits digital pixel sensors (DPSs) Dynamic range Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits Electronic circuits Electronics Exact sciences and technology Fires General equipment and techniques Hardware Image coding Imaging devices Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy Mathematical model online block-based compression algorithm Physics Pixel Pixels Recording and replay of audio and video signals Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices Sensors Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing Silicon Storage and reproduction of information Studies Time domain analysis Very large scale integration |
| Title | Compressive Acquisition CMOS Image Sensor: From the Algorithm to Hardware Implementation |
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