Changes in kelp forest biomass and depth distribution in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, between 1996–1998 and 2012–2014 reflect Arctic warming

Arctic West Spitsbergen in Svalbard is currently experiencing gradual warming due to climate change showing decreased landfast sea-ice and increased sedimentation. In order to document possible changes in 2012–2014, we partially repeated a quantitative diving study from 1996 to 1998 in the kelp fore...

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Vydáno v:	Polar biology Ročník 39; číslo 11; s. 2021 - 2036
Hlavní autoři:	Bartsch, Inka, Paar, Martin, Fredriksen, Stein, Schwanitz, Max, Daniel, Claudia, Hop, Haakon, Wiencke, Christian
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.11.2016 Springer Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Algae Biomass Biomedical and Life Sciences Climate change Ecology Forest biomass Global temperature changes Laminaria digitata Life Sciences Microbiology Ocean temperature Oceanography Original Paper Plant Sciences Sea ice Sedimentation & deposition Zonation Zoology Arctic region PNE, Norway, Svalbard, Spitsbergen PNE, Norway, Svalbard, Spitsbergen, Ny-Aalesund, Kongsfjorden PN, Arctic In situ irradiation Laminariales Zonation Biomass Age structure
ISSN:	0722-4060, 1432-2056
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Abstract	Arctic West Spitsbergen in Svalbard is currently experiencing gradual warming due to climate change showing decreased landfast sea-ice and increased sedimentation. In order to document possible changes in 2012–2014, we partially repeated a quantitative diving study from 1996 to 1998 in the kelp forest at Hansneset, Kongsfjorden, along a depth gradient between 0 and 15 m. The seaweed biomass increased between 1996/1998 and 2012/2013 with peak in kelp biomass shifted to shallower depth, from 5 to 2.5 m. The kelp biomass at 2.5 m was 8.2-fold higher in 2012/2013 (14 kg fresh biomass m −2 ) than in 1996/1998 and mostly due to an increase in the kelp Laminaria digitata . This resulted in a very high density of 2- to 8-year-old kelp (70 ind. m −2 ) and a high leaf area index of nearly 10 at 2.5 m. The entire zonation seemed to have shifted upwards to shallower depth, since also the lower depth limit of most dominant brown algae was shallower as well as the biomass maximum of several taxa. The cumulated annual photosynthetic active radiation at 15 m depth (42 mol m −2 year −1 ) determined the current depth limit of kelps. Changes also resulted in an altered seaweed community pattern. The complex pattern of change was probably driven by opposing effects of co-acting environmental drivers, namely lack of ice-scouring, elongation of the open-water period and deterioration of the underwater irradiance climate. The results are interpreted as a consequence of Arctic warming probably reflecting a typical scenario for change along other Arctic shores in near future.
AbstractList	Arctic West Spitsbergen in Svalbard is currently experiencing gradual warming due to climate change showing decreased landfast sea-ice and increased sedimentation. In order to document possible changes in 2012–2014, we partially repeated a quantitative diving study from 1996 to 1998 in the kelp forest at Hansneset, Kongsfjorden, along a depth gradient between 0 and 15 m. The seaweed biomass increased between 1996/1998 and 2012/2013 with peak in kelp biomass shifted to shallower depth, from 5 to 2.5 m. The kelp biomass at 2.5 m was 8.2-fold higher in 2012/2013 (14 kg fresh biomass m −2 ) than in 1996/1998 and mostly due to an increase in the kelp Laminaria digitata . This resulted in a very high density of 2- to 8-year-old kelp (70 ind. m −2 ) and a high leaf area index of nearly 10 at 2.5 m. The entire zonation seemed to have shifted upwards to shallower depth, since also the lower depth limit of most dominant brown algae was shallower as well as the biomass maximum of several taxa. The cumulated annual photosynthetic active radiation at 15 m depth (42 mol m −2 year −1 ) determined the current depth limit of kelps. Changes also resulted in an altered seaweed community pattern. The complex pattern of change was probably driven by opposing effects of co-acting environmental drivers, namely lack of ice-scouring, elongation of the open-water period and deterioration of the underwater irradiance climate. The results are interpreted as a consequence of Arctic warming probably reflecting a typical scenario for change along other Arctic shores in near future. Arctic West Spitsbergen in Svalbard is currently experiencing gradual warming due to climate change showing decreased landfast sea-ice and increased sedimentation. In order to document possible changes in 2012-2014, we partially repeated a quantitative diving study from 1996 to 1998 in the kelp forest at Hansneset, Kongsfjorden, along a depth gradient between 0 and 15 m. The seaweed biomass increased between 1996/1998 and 2012/2013 with peak in kelp biomass shifted to shallower depth, from 5 to 2.5 m. The kelp biomass at 2.5 m was 8.2-fold higher in 2012/2013 (14 kg fresh biomass m super(-2)) than in 1996/1998 and mostly due to an increase in the kelp Laminaria digitata. This resulted in a very high density of 2- to 8-year-old kelp (70 ind. m super(-2)) and a high leaf area index of nearly 10 at 2.5 m. The entire zonation seemed to have shifted upwards to shallower depth, since also the lower depth limit of most dominant brown algae was shallower as well as the biomass maximum of several taxa. The cumulated annual photosynthetic active radiation at 15 m depth (42 mol m super(-2) year super(-1)) determined the current depth limit of kelps. Changes also resulted in an altered seaweed community pattern. The complex pattern of change was probably driven by opposing effects of co-acting environmental drivers, namely lack of ice-scouring, elongation of the open-water period and deterioration of the underwater irradiance climate. The results are interpreted as a consequence of Arctic warming probably reflecting a typical scenario for change along other Arctic shores in near future. Arctic West Spitsbergen in Svalbard is currently experiencing gradual warming due to climate change showing decreased landfast sea-ice and increased sedimentation. In order to document possible changes in 2012-2014, we partially repeated a quantitative diving study from 1996 to 1998 in the kelp forest at Hansneset, Kongsfjorden, along a depth gradient between 0 and 15 m. The seaweed biomass increased between 1996/1998 and 2012/2013 with peak in kelp biomass shifted to shallower depth, from 5 to 2.5 m. The kelp biomass at 2.5 m was 8.2-fold higher in 2012/2013 (14 kg fresh biomass m.sup.-2) than in 1996/1998 and mostly due to an increase in the kelp Laminaria digitata. This resulted in a very high density of 2- to 8-year-old kelp (70 ind. m.sup.-2) and a high leaf area index of nearly 10 at 2.5 m. The entire zonation seemed to have shifted upwards to shallower depth, since also the lower depth limit of most dominant brown algae was shallower as well as the biomass maximum of several taxa. The cumulated annual photosynthetic active radiation at 15 m depth (42 mol m.sup.-2 year.sup.-1) determined the current depth limit of kelps. Changes also resulted in an altered seaweed community pattern. The complex pattern of change was probably driven by opposing effects of co-acting environmental drivers, namely lack of ice-scouring, elongation of the open-water period and deterioration of the underwater irradiance climate. The results are interpreted as a consequence of Arctic warming probably reflecting a typical scenario for change along other Arctic shores in near future. Arctic West Spitsbergen in Svalbard is currently experiencing gradual warming due to climate change showing decreased landfast sea-ice and increased sedimentation. In order to document possible changes in 2012-2014, we partially repeated a quantitative diving study from 1996 to 1998 in the kelp forest at Hansneset, Kongsfjorden, along a depth gradient between 0 and 15 m. The seaweed biomass increased between 1996/1998 and 2012/2013 with peak in kelp biomass shifted to shallower depth, from 5 to 2.5 m. The kelp biomass at 2.5 m was 8.2-fold higher in 2012/2013 (14 kg fresh biomass m-2) than in 1996/1998 and mostly due to an increase in the kelp Laminaria digitata. This resulted in a very high density of 2- to 8-year-old kelp (70 ind. m-2) and a high leaf area index of nearly 10 at 2.5 m. The entire zonation seemed to have shifted upwards to shallower depth, since also the lower depth limit of most dominant brown algae was shallower as well as the biomass maximum of several taxa. The cumulated annual photosynthetic active radiation at 15 m depth (42 mol m-2 year-1) determined the current depth limit of kelps. Changes also resulted in an altered seaweed community pattern. The complex pattern of change was probably driven by opposing effects of co-acting environmental drivers, namely lack of ice-scouring, elongation of the open-water period and deterioration of the underwater irradiance climate. The results are interpreted as a consequence of Arctic warming probably reflecting a typical scenario for change along other Arctic shores in near future.
Audience	Academic
Author	Wiencke, Christian Paar, Martin Daniel, Claudia Hop, Haakon Fredriksen, Stein Bartsch, Inka Schwanitz, Max
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Inka surname: Bartsch fullname: Bartsch, Inka email: inka.bartsch@awi.de organization: Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research – sequence: 2 givenname: Martin surname: Paar fullname: Paar, Martin organization: Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research – sequence: 3 givenname: Stein surname: Fredriksen fullname: Fredriksen, Stein organization: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo – sequence: 4 givenname: Max surname: Schwanitz fullname: Schwanitz, Max organization: Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research – sequence: 5 givenname: Claudia surname: Daniel fullname: Daniel, Claudia organization: Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research – sequence: 6 givenname: Haakon surname: Hop fullname: Hop, Haakon organization: Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre – sequence: 7 givenname: Christian surname: Wiencke fullname: Wiencke, Christian organization: Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research
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Keywords	In situ irradiation Laminariales Zonation Biomass Age structure
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PublicationPlace	Berlin/Heidelberg
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PublicationTitle	Polar biology
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PublicationYear	2016
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg Springer Springer Nature B.V
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SubjectTerms	Algae Biomass Biomedical and Life Sciences Climate change Ecology Forest biomass Global temperature changes Laminaria digitata Life Sciences Microbiology Ocean temperature Oceanography Original Paper Plant Sciences Sea ice Sedimentation & deposition Zonation Zoology
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Title	Changes in kelp forest biomass and depth distribution in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, between 1996–1998 and 2012–2014 reflect Arctic warming
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