Disentangling drivers of annual grass invasion: Abiotic susceptibility vs. fire-induced conversion to cheatgrass dominance in the sagebrush biome

Invasive annual grasses are often facilitated by fire, yet they can become ecologically dominant in susceptible locations even in the absence of fire. We used an extensive vegetation plot database to model susceptibility to the invasive annual grass cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) in the sagebrush b...

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Published in:Biological conservation Vol. 297; p. 110737
Main Authors: Urza, Alexandra K., Board, David I., Bradford, John B., Brown, Jessi L., Chambers, Jeanne C., Schlaepfer, Daniel R., Short, Karen C.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2024
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ISSN:0006-3207
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Abstract Invasive annual grasses are often facilitated by fire, yet they can become ecologically dominant in susceptible locations even in the absence of fire. We used an extensive vegetation plot database to model susceptibility to the invasive annual grass cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) in the sagebrush biome as a function of climate and soil water availability variables. We built random forest models predicting cheatgrass presence or dominance (>15 % relative cover) under unburned (37,219 plots) and burned conditions (6340 plots). We mapped predicted probability of cheatgrass presence and dominance, conditional on burning. We combined predicted susceptibility with burn probability to quantify the 10-year total risk of cheatgrass dominance. Finally, we identified portions of the landscape (1) at risk of fire-induced conversion to cheatgrass dominance, (2) consistently susceptible to cheatgrass dominance, or (3) consistently resistant to cheatgrass dominance. At the scale of the sagebrush biome, we found that abiotic susceptibility to cheatgrass dominance drives total risk, regardless of fire. At local scales (i.e., individual 30 m pixels), burning increased the probability of cheatgrass dominance by a median of 14 %. Threshold-based analyses indicate that 10–31 % of the sagebrush biome was at risk of fire-induced dominance, with 55 % exhibiting abiotic resistance and 5 % exhibiting abiotic susceptibility to dominance regardless of fire. Burn probability was higher in areas predicted to be susceptible to dominance, illustrating how cheatgrass invasion can cause ecosystem conversions that are then sustained by grass-fire cycles. Disentangling the influence of abiotic conditions and fire contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms driving invasion dynamics, and modeling the probability of dominance can help anticipate where ecological transformations are at risk of occurring. Our approach can facilitate the prioritization of management actions in the sagebrush biome and be used as a framework for modeling invasion risk in other disturbance-prone ecosystems.
AbstractList Invasive annual grasses are often facilitated by fire, yet they can become ecologically dominant in susceptible locations even in the absence of fire. We used an extensive vegetation plot database to model susceptibility to the invasive annual grass cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) in the sagebrush biome as a function of climate and soil water availability variables. We built random forest models predicting cheatgrass presence or dominance (>15 % relative cover) under unburned (37,219 plots) and burned conditions (6340 plots). We mapped predicted probability of cheatgrass presence and dominance, conditional on burning. We combined predicted susceptibility with burn probability to quantify the 10-year total risk of cheatgrass dominance. Finally, we identified portions of the landscape (1) at risk of fire-induced conversion to cheatgrass dominance, (2) consistently susceptible to cheatgrass dominance, or (3) consistently resistant to cheatgrass dominance. At the scale of the sagebrush biome, we found that abiotic susceptibility to cheatgrass dominance drives total risk, regardless of fire. At local scales (i.e., individual 30 m pixels), burning increased the probability of cheatgrass dominance by a median of 14 %. Threshold-based analyses indicate that 10–31 % of the sagebrush biome was at risk of fire-induced dominance, with 55 % exhibiting abiotic resistance and 5 % exhibiting abiotic susceptibility to dominance regardless of fire. Burn probability was higher in areas predicted to be susceptible to dominance, illustrating how cheatgrass invasion can cause ecosystem conversions that are then sustained by grass-fire cycles. Disentangling the influence of abiotic conditions and fire contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms driving invasion dynamics, and modeling the probability of dominance can help anticipate where ecological transformations are at risk of occurring. Our approach can facilitate the prioritization of management actions in the sagebrush biome and be used as a framework for modeling invasion risk in other disturbance-prone ecosystems.
Invasive annual grasses are often facilitated by fire, yet they can become ecologically dominant in susceptible locations even in the absence of fire. We used an extensive vegetation plot database to model susceptibility to the invasive annual grass cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) in the sagebrush biome as a function of climate and soil water availability variables. We built random forest models predicting cheatgrass presence or dominance (>15 % relative cover) under unburned (37,219 plots) and burned conditions (6340 plots). We mapped predicted probability of cheatgrass presence and dominance, conditional on burning. We combined predicted susceptibility with burn probability to quantify the 10-year total risk of cheatgrass dominance. Finally, we identified portions of the landscape (1) at risk of fire-induced conversion to cheatgrass dominance, (2) consistently susceptible to cheatgrass dominance, or (3) consistently resistant to cheatgrass dominance. At the scale of the sagebrush biome, we found that abiotic susceptibility to cheatgrass dominance drives total risk, regardless of fire. At local scales (i.e., individual 30 m pixels), burning increased the probability of cheatgrass dominance by a median of 14 %. Threshold-based analyses indicate that 10–31 % of the sagebrush biome was at risk of fire-induced dominance, with 55 % exhibiting abiotic resistance and 5 % exhibiting abiotic susceptibility to dominance regardless of fire. Burn probability was higher in areas predicted to be susceptible to dominance, illustrating how cheatgrass invasion can cause ecosystem conversions that are then sustained by grass-fire cycles. Disentangling the influence of abiotic conditions and fire contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms driving invasion dynamics, and modeling the probability of dominance can help anticipate where ecological transformations are at risk of occurring. Our approach can facilitate the prioritization of management actions in the sagebrush biome and be used as a framework for modeling invasion risk in other disturbance-prone ecosystems.
ArticleNumber 110737
Author Chambers, Jeanne C.
Short, Karen C.
Urza, Alexandra K.
Schlaepfer, Daniel R.
Board, David I.
Brown, Jessi L.
Bradford, John B.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Alexandra K.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9795-6735
  surname: Urza
  fullname: Urza, Alexandra K.
  email: alexandra.urza@usda.gov
  organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Reno, NV, USA
– sequence: 2
  givenname: David I.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6140-1260
  surname: Board
  fullname: Board, David I.
  organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Reno, NV, USA
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  givenname: John B.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9257-6303
  surname: Bradford
  fullname: Bradford, John B.
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Northwest Climate Adaptation Science Center & Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Jessi L.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6126-7951
  surname: Brown
  fullname: Brown, Jessi L.
  organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Reno, NV, USA
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  givenname: Jeanne C.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3111-269X
  surname: Chambers
  fullname: Chambers, Jeanne C.
  organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Reno, NV, USA
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Daniel R.
  surname: Schlaepfer
  fullname: Schlaepfer, Daniel R.
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Northwest Climate Adaptation Science Center & Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Karen C.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3383-0460
  surname: Short
  fullname: Short, Karen C.
  organization: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59808, USA
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Keywords Cheatgrass
Dominance
Fire-induced conversion
Invasive annual grasses
Sagebrush biome
Bromus tectorum
Language English
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Snippet Invasive annual grasses are often facilitated by fire, yet they can become ecologically dominant in susceptible locations even in the absence of fire. We used...
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SubjectTerms Artemisia
Bromus tectorum
Cheatgrass
climate
Dominance
ecosystems
Fire-induced conversion
grasses
Invasive annual grasses
landscapes
plant available water
prioritization
risk
Sagebrush biome
vegetation
Title Disentangling drivers of annual grass invasion: Abiotic susceptibility vs. fire-induced conversion to cheatgrass dominance in the sagebrush biome
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110737
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