Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles

The pursuit of energy density has driven electric vehicle (EV) batteries from using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes in early days to ternary layered oxides increasingly rich in nickel; however, it is impossible to forgo the LFP battery due to its unsurpassed safety, as well as its low cost and...

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Vydané v:	Nature energy Ročník 6; číslo 2; s. 176 - 185
Hlavní autori:	Yang, Xiao-Guang, Liu, Teng, Wang, Chao-Yang
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.02.2021 Nature Publishing Group
Predmet:	639/166/988 639/4077/4079/891 639/638/161 Automobiles Cathodes Cobalt Economics and Management Electric vehicles Energy Energy Policy Energy Storage Energy Systems Flux density High temperature Iron Iron phosphates Life span Lithium Lithium-ion batteries Low cost Nickel Oxides Powertrain Product safety Rechargeable batteries Renewable and Green Energy
ISSN:	2058-7546, 2058-7546
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Abstract	The pursuit of energy density has driven electric vehicle (EV) batteries from using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes in early days to ternary layered oxides increasingly rich in nickel; however, it is impossible to forgo the LFP battery due to its unsurpassed safety, as well as its low cost and cobalt-free nature. Here we demonstrate a thermally modulated LFP battery to offer an adequate cruise range per charge that is extendable by 10 min recharge in all climates, essentially guaranteeing EVs that are free of range anxiety. Such a thermally modulated LFP battery designed to operate at a working temperature around 60 °C in any ambient condition promises to be a well-rounded powertrain for mass-market EVs. Furthermore, we reveal that the limited working time at the high temperature presents an opportunity to use graphite of low surface areas, thereby prospectively prolonging the EV lifespan to greater than two million miles. Ternary layered oxides dominate the current automobile batteries but suffer from material scarcity and operational safety. Here the authors report that, when operating at around 60 °C, a low-cost lithium iron phosphate-based battery exhibits ultra-safe, fast rechargeable and long-lasting properties.
AbstractList	The pursuit of energy density has driven electric vehicle (EV) batteries from using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes in early days to ternary layered oxides increasingly rich in nickel; however, it is impossible to forgo the LFP battery due to its unsurpassed safety, as well as its low cost and cobalt-free nature. Here we demonstrate a thermally modulated LFP battery to offer an adequate cruise range per charge that is extendable by 10 min recharge in all climates, essentially guaranteeing EVs that are free of range anxiety. Such a thermally modulated LFP battery designed to operate at a working temperature around 60 °C in any ambient condition promises to be a well-rounded powertrain for mass-market EVs. Furthermore, we reveal that the limited working time at the high temperature presents an opportunity to use graphite of low surface areas, thereby prospectively prolonging the EV lifespan to greater than two million miles.Ternary layered oxides dominate the current automobile batteries but suffer from material scarcity and operational safety. Here the authors report that, when operating at around 60 °C, a low-cost lithium iron phosphate-based battery exhibits ultra-safe, fast rechargeable and long-lasting properties. The pursuit of energy density has driven electric vehicle (EV) batteries from using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes in early days to ternary layered oxides increasingly rich in nickel; however, it is impossible to forgo the LFP battery due to its unsurpassed safety, as well as its low cost and cobalt-free nature. Here we demonstrate a thermally modulated LFP battery to offer an adequate cruise range per charge that is extendable by 10 min recharge in all climates, essentially guaranteeing EVs that are free of range anxiety. Such a thermally modulated LFP battery designed to operate at a working temperature around 60 °C in any ambient condition promises to be a well-rounded powertrain for mass-market EVs. Furthermore, we reveal that the limited working time at the high temperature presents an opportunity to use graphite of low surface areas, thereby prospectively prolonging the EV lifespan to greater than two million miles. Ternary layered oxides dominate the current automobile batteries but suffer from material scarcity and operational safety. Here the authors report that, when operating at around 60 °C, a low-cost lithium iron phosphate-based battery exhibits ultra-safe, fast rechargeable and long-lasting properties.
Author	Yang, Xiao-Guang Liu, Teng Wang, Chao-Yang
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Xiao-Guang orcidid: 0000-0002-9880-3682 surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Xiao-Guang organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Electrochemical Engine Center, The Pennsylvania State University – sequence: 2 givenname: Teng surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Teng organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Electrochemical Engine Center, The Pennsylvania State University – sequence: 3 givenname: Chao-Yang orcidid: 0000-0003-0650-0025 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Chao-Yang email: cxw31@psu.edu organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Electrochemical Engine Center, The Pennsylvania State University, EC Power
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ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021.
Copyright_xml	– notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021 – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021.
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Soc.2016163A2803A281610.1149/2.1151613jes MastaliMElectrochemical-thermal modeling and experimental validation of commercial graphite/LiFePO4 pouch lithium-ion batteriesInt. J. Therm. Sci.201812921823010.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.03.004 Lienert, P. & Chan, C. Global automakers investing at least $300 billion on batteries and EVs. Reuters (2019); https://graphics.reuters.com/AUTOS-INVESTMENT-ELECTRIC/010081ZB3HD/index.html YamadaAChungSCHinokumaKOptimized LiFePO4 for lithium battery cathodesJ. Electrochem. Soc.2001148A22410.1149/1.1348257 OlivettiEACederGGaustadGGFuXLithium-ion battery supply chain considerations: analysis of potential bottlenecks in critical metalsJoule2017122924310.1016/j.joule.2017.08.019 New Energy Vehicles Safety Monitoring Results Report (National Big Data Alliance of New Energy Vehicles, 2019). TakahashiMOhtsukaHAkutoKSakuraiYConfirmation of long-term cyclability and high thermal stability of LiFePO4 in prismatic lithium-ion cellsJ. Electrochem. Soc.2005152A89910.1149/1.1874693 YangXGZhangGGeSWangCYFast charging of lithium-ion batteries at all temperaturesProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA20181157266727110.1073/pnas.1807115115 XiongRMaSLiHSunFLiJToward a safer battery management system: a critical review on diagnosis and prognosis of battery short circuitiScience20202310101010.1016/j.isci.2020.101010 ManthiramASongBLiWA perspective on nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteriesEnergy Storage Mater.2017612513910.1016/j.ensm.2016.10.007 Americans Spend an Average of 17,600 Minutes Driving Each Year (American Automobile Association, 2016); https://newsroom.aaa.com/2016/09/americans-spend-average-17600-minutes-driving-year Lutsey, N. & Nicholas, M. Update on Electric Vehicle Costs in the United States Through 2030 1–12 (International Council on Clean Transportation, 2019). LFP market share drops in 2019 but expect a comeback with cell-to-pack. 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Mag.20197122110.1109/MELE.2018.2889545 NaumannMSchimpeMKeilPHesseHCJossenAAnalysis and modeling of calendar aging of a commercial LiFePO4/graphite cellJ. Energy Storage20181715316910.1016/j.est.2018.01.019 Battery Requirements for Future Automotive Applications (EUCAR, 2019); https://eucar.be/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/20190710-EG-BEV-FCEV-Battery-requirements-FINAL.pdf AndreDFuture generations of cathode materials: an automotive industry perspectiveJ. Mater. Chem. A201536709673210.1039/C5TA00361J ZaghibKEnhanced thermal safety and high power performance of carbon-coated LiFePO4 olivine cathode for Li-ion batteriesJ. Power Sources2012219364410.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.05.018 Mullaney, T. Tesla and the science behind the next-generation, lower-cost, ‘million-mile’ electric-car battery. 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United States Patent US20170346065A1 (2017). Nelson, P. A., Ahmed, S., Gallagher, K. G. & Dees, D. W. Modeling the Performance and Cost of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles 3rd edn ANL/CSE-19/2 (Argonne National Laboratory, 2020). NohH-JYounSYoonCSSunY-KComparison of the structural and electrochemical properties of layered Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) cathode material for lithium-ion batteriesJ. Power Sources201323312113010.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.063 SchmuchRWagnerRHörpelGPlackeTWinterMPerformance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteriesNat. Energy2018326727810.1038/s41560-018-0107-2 SmithAJBurnsJCZhaoXXiongDDahnJRA high precision coulometry study of the SEI growth in Li/graphite cellsJ. Electrochem. Soc.2011158A44710.1149/1.3557892 Dynamometer Drive Schedules. United States Environmental Protection Agencyhttps://www.epa.gov/vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-testing/dynamometer-drive-schedules Fast Facts: US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1990–2018) (US EPA, 2019); https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100ZK4P.pdf K Zaghib (757_CR20) 2012; 219 757_CR11 A Manthiram (757_CR14) 2016; 6 A Yamada (757_CR19) 2001; 148 M Mastali (757_CR49) 2016; 163 MS Whittingham (757_CR5) 2004; 104 M Naumann (757_CR42) 2018; 17 AJ Smith (757_CR43) 2011; 158 N Nitta (757_CR6) 2015; 18 R Schmuch (757_CR7) 2018; 3 G Zhang (757_CR38) 2016; 218 XG Yang (757_CR35) 2019; 3 CY Wang (757_CR47) 2016; 163 Z Wang (757_CR22) 2019; 7 757_CR41 757_CR40 M Schimpe (757_CR46) 2018; 165 A Manthiram (757_CR15) 2017; 6 XG Yang (757_CR36) 2018; 115 ZA Needell (757_CR2) 2016; 1 M Mastali (757_CR50) 2018; 129 D Andre (757_CR10) 2015; 3 JH Cheng (757_CR45) 2020; 167 757_CR39 R Xiong (757_CR16) 2020; 23 757_CR33 757_CR32 757_CR30 X Yang (757_CR37) 2019; 7 X Feng (757_CR17) 2020; 4 XG Yang (757_CR48) 2017; 360 757_CR29 757_CR3 757_CR28 CY Wang (757_CR34) 2016; 529 757_CR4 EA Olivetti (757_CR13) 2017; 1 757_CR27 KG Gallagher (757_CR31) 2015; 163 757_CR1 757_CR25 757_CR24 757_CR23 JE Harlow (757_CR44) 2019; 166 757_CR21 M Li (757_CR8) 2018; 30 Y-K Sun (757_CR12) 2009; 8 Y Ding (757_CR9) 2019; 2 H-J Noh (757_CR18) 2013; 233 M Takahashi (757_CR26) 2005; 152 C Fiori (757_CR51) 2016; 168
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Snippet	The pursuit of energy density has driven electric vehicle (EV) batteries from using lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes in early days to ternary layered...
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SubjectTerms	639/166/988 639/4077/4079/891 639/638/161 Automobiles Cathodes Cobalt Economics and Management Electric vehicles Energy Energy Policy Energy Storage Energy Systems Flux density High temperature Iron Iron phosphates Life span Lithium Lithium-ion batteries Low cost Nickel Oxides Powertrain Product safety Rechargeable batteries Renewable and Green Energy
Title	Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles
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