Assessing BERT’s ability to learn Italian syntax: a study on null-subject and agreement phenomena
The work presented in this paper investigates the ability of BERT neural language model pretrained in Italian to embed syntactic dependency relationships into its layers, by approximating a Dependency Parse Tree. To this end, a structural probe, namely a supervised model able to extract linguistic s...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Journal of ambient intelligence and humanized computing Vol. 14; no. 1; pp. 289 - 303 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
01.01.2023
Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 1868-5137, 1868-5145 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | The work presented in this paper investigates the ability of BERT neural language model pretrained in Italian to embed syntactic dependency relationships into its layers, by approximating a Dependency Parse Tree. To this end, a structural probe, namely a supervised model able to extract linguistic structures from a language model, has been trained leveraging the contextual embeddings from the layers of BERT. An experimental assessment has been performed using an Italian version of BERT-base model and a set of datasets for Italian labelled with Universal Dependencies formalism. The results, achieved using standard metrics of dependency parsers, have shown that a knowledge of the Italian syntax is embedded in central-upper layers of the BERT model, according to what observed in literature for the English case. In addition, the probe has been also used to experimentally evaluate the BERT model behaviour in case of two specific syntactic phenomena in Italian, namely null-subject and subject-verb-agreement, showing better performance than an Italian state-of-the-art parser. These findings can open a path for the development of new hybrid approaches, exploiting the probe to integrate or improve limits or weaknesses in analysing articulated constructions of Italian syntax, traditionally complex to be parsed. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The work presented in this paper investigates the ability of BERT neural language model pretrained in Italian to embed syntactic dependency relationships into its layers, by approximating a Dependency Parse Tree. To this end, a structural probe, namely a supervised model able to extract linguistic structures from a language model, has been trained leveraging the contextual embeddings from the layers of BERT. An experimental assessment has been performed using an Italian version of BERT-base model and a set of datasets for Italian labelled with Universal Dependencies formalism. The results, achieved using standard metrics of dependency parsers, have shown that a knowledge of the Italian syntax is embedded in central-upper layers of the BERT model, according to what observed in literature for the English case. In addition, the probe has been also used to experimentally evaluate the BERT model behaviour in case of two specific syntactic phenomena in Italian, namely null-subject and subject-verb-agreement, showing better performance than an Italian state-of-the-art parser. These findings can open a path for the development of new hybrid approaches, exploiting the probe to integrate or improve limits or weaknesses in analysing articulated constructions of Italian syntax, traditionally complex to be parsed. |
| Author | Silvestri, Stefano Guarasci, Raffaele Fujita, Hamido De Pietro, Giuseppe Esposito, Massimo |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Raffaele surname: Guarasci fullname: Guarasci, Raffaele organization: National Research Council of Italy, Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking (ICAR-CNR) – sequence: 2 givenname: Stefano orcidid: 0000-0002-9890-8409 surname: Silvestri fullname: Silvestri, Stefano email: stefano.silvestri@icar.cnr.it organization: National Research Council of Italy, Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking (ICAR-CNR) – sequence: 3 givenname: Giuseppe surname: De Pietro fullname: De Pietro, Giuseppe organization: National Research Council of Italy, Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking (ICAR-CNR) – sequence: 4 givenname: Hamido surname: Fujita fullname: Fujita, Hamido organization: Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Faculty of Software and Information Science, Iwate Prefectural University – sequence: 5 givenname: Massimo surname: Esposito fullname: Esposito, Massimo organization: National Research Council of Italy, Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking (ICAR-CNR) |
| BookMark | eNp9kM1KAzEQx4MoWGtfwFPA82qSzX55q6VqoSBIPYfZJFtTttmaZMG9-Rq-nk_i1hUFD53LzOH_MfzO0LFtrEbogpIrSkh27SlLExYRRiMSsyKL-BEa0TzNo4Ty5Pj3jrNTNPF-Q_qJi5hSOkJy6r323tg1vp0_rT7fPzyG0tQmdDg0uNbgLF4EqA1Y7Dsb4O0GA_ahVR1uLLZtXUe-LTdaBgxWYVg7rbfaBrx70bbpLzhHJxXUXk9-9hg9381Xs4do-Xi_mE2XkYzzJEQJJ1leSUi5okppTlVSFkQzSYuCpKTQXFaMQkaIykvFSlbKjLEcMqAFSzIej9HlkLtzzWurfRCbpnW2rxSsYITwhNO4V7FBJV3jvdOV2DmzBdcJSsSepxh4ip6n-OYp9tH5P5M0AYJpbHBg6sPWeLD6vseutfv76oDrCys8jGY |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_4000_ijcol_965 crossref_primary_10_3390_info14030144 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_03295_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_021_03001_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_03997_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_03231_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_021_02695_7 crossref_primary_10_30961_lr_2024_60_3_303 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10339_024_01234_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42484_025_00260_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s10515_023_00399_5 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3593052 crossref_primary_10_3390_app12063072 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_03779_8 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42484_024_00141_8 crossref_primary_10_1098_rsos_240061 crossref_primary_10_1109_TASLP_2022_3226333 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2024_124131 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_03331_8 |
| Cites_doi | 10.18653/v1/P18-1132 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.747 10.18653/v1/W19-4828 10.1111/synt.12184 10.1016/j.plrev.2017.03.002 10.18653/v1/P19-1356 10.18653/v1/D18-1151 10.18653/v1/P19-1452 10.18653/v1/P17-1080 10.18653/v1/K17-3001 10.18653/v1/D19-1275 10.1007/s10590-016-9184-9 10.1162/tacl_a_00115 10.18653/v1/p19-1580 10.2200/S00169ED1V01Y200901HLT002 10.18653/v1/2020.figlang-1.34 10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008 10.1016/0010-0285(91)90003-7 10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.010 10.18653/v1/N19-1423 10.18653/v1/W19-2911 10.18653/v1/2020.figlang-1.15 10.18653/v1/N18-1202 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.493 10.1162/tacl_a_00290 10.18653/v1/W18-5444 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3023421 10.18653/v1/N19-1419 10.1109/TKDE.2020.2981314 10.18653/v1/N18-1108 10.1109/TASLP.2020.3008390 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.482 10.18653/v1/w18-5431 10.1007/s12652-020-02423-y 10.1613/jair.1.11196 10.1177/1367006909339814 10.3115/992628.992688 10.4000/books.aaccademia.1683 10.3115/1596276.1596305 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.659 10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6414 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.179 10.3115/1613715.1613751 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 8FE 8FG AFKRA ARAPS AZQEC BENPR BGLVJ CCPQU DWQXO GNUQQ HCIFZ JQ2 K7- P5Z P62 PHGZM PHGZT PKEHL PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI |
| DOI | 10.1007/s12652-021-03297-4 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Advanced Technologies & Computer Science Collection ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central Technology Collection ProQuest One ProQuest Central ProQuest Central Student SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer Science Database ProQuest advanced technologies & aerospace journals ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection Computer Science Database ProQuest Central Student Technology Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Computer Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Central Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) |
| DatabaseTitleList | Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: P5Z name: AAdvanced Technologies & Aerospace Database (subscription) url: https://search.proquest.com/hightechjournals sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1868-5145 |
| EndPage | 303 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1007_s12652_021_03297_4 |
| GroupedDBID | -EM 06D 0R~ 0VY 1N0 203 29~ 2JY 2VQ 30V 4.4 406 408 409 40D 96X AACDK AAHNG AAIAL AAJBT AAJKR AANZL AARHV AARTL AASML AATNV AATVU AAUYE AAWCG AAYIU AAYQN AAYTO AAYZH AAZMS ABAKF ABBXA ABDZT ABECU ABFTV ABHQN ABJNI ABJOX ABKCH ABMQK ABQBU ABSXP ABTEG ABTHY ABTKH ABTMW ABULA ABWNU ABXPI ACAOD ACDTI ACGFS ACHSB ACKNC ACMLO ACOKC ACPIV ACZOJ ADHHG ADHIR ADINQ ADKNI ADKPE ADRFC ADTPH ADURQ ADYFF ADZKW AEBTG AEFQL AEGNC AEJHL AEJRE AEMSY AENEX AEOHA AEPYU AESKC AETCA AEVLU AEXYK AFBBN AFKRA AFLOW AFQWF AFWTZ AFZKB AGAYW AGDGC AGJBK AGMZJ AGQEE AGQMX AGRTI AGWZB AGYKE AHAVH AHBYD AHKAY AHSBF AHYZX AIAKS AIGIU AIIXL AILAN AITGF AJBLW AJRNO AJZVZ AKLTO ALFXC ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMKLP AMXSW AMYLF AMYQR ANMIH ARAPS AUKKA AXYYD AYJHY BENPR BGLVJ BGNMA BSONS CCPQU CSCUP DNIVK DPUIP EBLON EBS EIOEI EJD ESBYG F5P FERAY FFXSO FIGPU FINBP FNLPD FRRFC FSGXE FYJPI GGCAI GGRSB GJIRD GQ6 GQ7 GQ8 H13 HCIFZ HF~ HG6 HMJXF HQYDN HRMNR HZ~ I0C IKXTQ IWAJR IXD IZIGR J-C J0Z JBSCW JCJTX JZLTJ K7- KOV LLZTM M4Y NPVJJ NQJWS NU0 O9- O93 O9J P2P P9P PT4 QOS R89 R9I RLLFE ROL RSV S1Z S27 S3B SEG SHX SISQX SJYHP SNE SNPRN SNX SOHCF SOJ SPISZ SRMVM SSLCW STPWE T13 TSG U2A UG4 UOJIU UTJUX UZXMN VFIZW W48 WK8 Z45 Z5O Z7R Z7X Z83 Z88 ZMTXR ~A9 AAYXX ABBRH ABDBE ABFSG ABRTQ ACSTC ADKFA AEZWR AFDZB AFFHD AFHIU AFOHR AHPBZ AHWEU AIXLP ATHPR AYFIA CITATION PHGZM PHGZT PQGLB 8FE 8FG AZQEC DWQXO GNUQQ JQ2 P62 PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c385t-54078fca64d1dde41d5b90e2c1990609e4cf21a700d8bd2b2bc7228a7a1925743 |
| IEDL.DBID | K7- |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 20 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000648371500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1868-5137 |
| IngestDate | Wed Nov 05 02:25:48 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 03:41:29 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:08:48 EST 2025 Fri Feb 21 02:45:07 EST 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 1 |
| Keywords | Neural language model Structural probe Syntactic phenomena Dependency parse tree |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c385t-54078fca64d1dde41d5b90e2c1990609e4cf21a700d8bd2b2bc7228a7a1925743 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9890-8409 |
| PQID | 2920045413 |
| PQPubID | 2043913 |
| PageCount | 15 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_journals_2920045413 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12652_021_03297_4 crossref_citationtrail_10_1007_s12652_021_03297_4 springer_journals_10_1007_s12652_021_03297_4 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 20230100 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2023-01-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 1 year: 2023 text: 20230100 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Berlin/Heidelberg |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Berlin/Heidelberg – name: Heidelberg |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of ambient intelligence and humanized computing |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | J Ambient Intell Human Comput |
| PublicationYear | 2023 |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg Springer Nature B.V |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Springer Berlin Heidelberg – name: Springer Nature B.V |
| References | Das, Verma (CR14) 2020; 8 Rizzi (CR49) 1986; 17 CR39 Rothman (CR50) 2009; 13 Hewitt, Manning (CR28) 2019 CR32 Devlin, Chang, Lee, Toutanova (CR17) 2019 Frascarelli, Jiménez-Fernández (CR21) 2019; 22 Wang, Tu, Zhang, Liu, Li, Way, Liu (CR60) 2017; 31 CR2 De Santo (CR16) 2019 CR6 CR8 CR7 Li, Sun, Han, Li (CR35) 2020 Clark, Khandelwal, Levy, Manning (CR12) 2019 Chi, Hewitt, Manning (CR10) 2020 CR48 Tenney, Das, Pavlick (CR56) 2019 Kübler, McDonald, Nivre (CR33) 2009 CR46 Alexiadou, Carvalho (CR1) 2017; II CR44 CR43 CR42 Avvaru, Vobilisetty, Mamidi (CR3) 2020 Voita, Talbot, Moiseev, Sennrich, Titov (CR58) 2019 Gulordava, Bojanowski, Grave, Linzen, Baroni (CR25) 2018 Liu, Ohara, Rubin, Draelos, Rudin (CR38) 2020 Wang, Kuo (CR59) 2020; 28 Belinkov, Durrani, Dalvi, Sajjad, Glass (CR4) 2017 Liu, Xu, Liang (CR37) 2017; 21 CR19 CR18 Everaert, Huybregts, Chomsky, Berwick, Bolhuis (CR20) 2015; 19 CR15 Song, Xu, Zhang, Chen, Yu (CR55) 2020 CR57 CR11 Conneau, Khandelwal, Goyal, Chaudhary, Wenzek, Guzmán, Grave, Ott, Zettlemoyer, Stoyanov (CR13) 2020 CR54 Bock, Miller (CR5) 1991; 23 CR53 CR52 CR51 Hewitt, Liang (CR27) 2019 Warstadt, Singh, Bowman (CR61) 2019; 7 Peters, Neumann, Iyyer, Gardner, Clark, Lee, Zettlemoyer (CR45) 2018 Raganato, Tiedemann (CR47) 2018 Zeman, Popel, Straka, Hajič, Nivre, Ginter, Luotolahti, Pyysalo, Petrov, Potthast, Tyers, Badmaeva, Gokirmak, Nedoluzhko, Cinková, Hajič, Hlaváčová, Kettnerová, Urešová, Kanerva, Ojala, Missilä, Manning, Schuster, Reddy, Taji, Habash, Leung, Marneffe, Sanguinetti, Simi, Kanayama, Paiva, Droganova, Martínez Alonso, Çöltekin, Sulubacak, Uszkoreit, Macketanz, Burchardt, Harris, Marheinecke, Rehm, Kayadelen, Attia, Elkahky, Yu, Pitler, Lertpradit, Mandl, Kirchner, Alcalde, Strnadová, Banerjee, Manurung, Stella, Shimada, Kwak, Mendonça, Lando, Nitisaroj, Li (CR63) 2017 Hupkes, Veldhoen, Zuidema (CR29) 2018; 61 Chauhan, Sharma, Sikka (CR9) 2020 CR26 Jawahar, Sagot, Seddah (CR31) 2019 CR24 Kuncoro, Dyer, Hale, Yogatama, Clark, Blunsom (CR34) 2018 CR23 Linzen, Dupoux, Goldberg (CR36) 2016; 4 Hurford (CR30) 2011 CR62 García, Fernández, Luengo, Herrera (CR22) 2010; 180 Marvin, Linzen (CR41) 2018 Mareček, Rosa (CR40) 2018 3297_CR15 D Hupkes (3297_CR29) 2018; 61 A Kuncoro (3297_CR34) 2018 A Alexiadou (3297_CR1) 2017; II 3297_CR11 JR Hurford (3297_CR30) 2011 3297_CR54 T Linzen (3297_CR36) 2016; 4 3297_CR57 3297_CR19 3297_CR18 A Raganato (3297_CR47) 2018 I Tenney (3297_CR56) 2019 A Das (3297_CR14) 2020; 8 J Hewitt (3297_CR27) 2019 R Marvin (3297_CR41) 2018 3297_CR51 3297_CR53 3297_CR52 D Zeman (3297_CR63) 2017 D Mareček (3297_CR40) 2018 3297_CR26 JK Bock (3297_CR5) 1991; 23 3297_CR24 3297_CR23 J Rothman (3297_CR50) 2009; 13 E Voita (3297_CR58) 2019 J Liu (3297_CR38) 2020 J Hewitt (3297_CR28) 2019 Y Belinkov (3297_CR4) 2017 G Jawahar (3297_CR31) 2019 P Chauhan (3297_CR9) 2020 S García (3297_CR22) 2010; 180 3297_CR62 A Avvaru (3297_CR3) 2020 M Peters (3297_CR45) 2018 3297_CR39 J Devlin (3297_CR17) 2019 3297_CR32 EA Chi (3297_CR10) 2020 K Clark (3297_CR12) 2019 J Li (3297_CR35) 2020 B Wang (3297_CR59) 2020; 28 A Warstadt (3297_CR61) 2019; 7 3297_CR48 L Rizzi (3297_CR49) 1986; 17 3297_CR44 3297_CR43 A Conneau (3297_CR13) 2020 3297_CR46 A De Santo (3297_CR16) 2019 MB Everaert (3297_CR20) 2015; 19 3297_CR2 3297_CR8 3297_CR7 3297_CR6 S Kübler (3297_CR33) 2009 L Song (3297_CR55) 2020 H Liu (3297_CR37) 2017; 21 L Wang (3297_CR60) 2017; 31 K Gulordava (3297_CR25) 2018 3297_CR42 M Frascarelli (3297_CR21) 2019; 22 |
| References_xml | – volume: II start-page: 41 year: 2017 ident: CR1 article-title: The role of locatives in (partial) pro-drop languages publication-title: Order Struct Syntax – year: 2018 ident: CR34 article-title: LSTMs can learn syntax-sensitive dependencies well, but modeling structure makes them better publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/P18-1132 – year: 2020 ident: CR13 article-title: Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.747 – year: 2019 ident: CR12 article-title: What does BERT look at? An analysis of BERTs attention publication-title: Proc ACL Worksh Blackbox NLP doi: 10.18653/v1/W19-4828 – ident: CR39 – volume: 22 start-page: 162 issue: 2–3 year: 2019 end-page: 198 ident: CR21 article-title: Understanding partiality in pro-drop languages: an information-structure approach publication-title: Syntax doi: 10.1111/synt.12184 – volume: 21 start-page: 171 year: 2017 end-page: 193 ident: CR37 article-title: Dependency distance: a new perspective on syntactic patterns in natural languages publication-title: Phys Life Rev doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2017.03.002 – ident: CR51 – volume: 17 start-page: 501 issue: 3 year: 1986 end-page: 557 ident: CR49 article-title: Null objects in Italian and the theory of pro publication-title: Linguist Inq – year: 2019 ident: CR31 article-title: What does BERT learn about the structure of language? publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/P19-1356 – ident: CR54 – year: 2018 ident: CR41 article-title: Targeted syntactic evaluation of language models publication-title: Proc Conf Empir Methods Natl Lang Process Assoc Comput Linguis https:// doi: 10.18653/v1/D18-1151 – ident: CR8 – year: 2019 ident: CR56 article-title: BERT rediscovers the classical NLP pipeline publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/P19-1452 – year: 2017 ident: CR4 article-title: What do neural machine translation models learn about morphology? publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/P17-1080 – ident: CR42 – ident: CR46 – ident: CR19 – year: 2017 ident: CR63 article-title: CoNLL 2017 shared task: multilingual parsing from raw text to universal dependencies publication-title: Proc CoNLL Shared Task doi: 10.18653/v1/K17-3001 – year: 2019 ident: CR27 article-title: Designing and interpreting probes with control tasks publication-title: Proc Conf Empir Methods Natl Lang Process doi: 10.18653/v1/D19-1275 – volume: 31 start-page: 65 issue: 1–2 year: 2017 end-page: 87 ident: CR60 article-title: A novel and robust approach for pro-drop language translation publication-title: Mach Transl doi: 10.1007/s10590-016-9184-9 – volume: 4 start-page: 521 year: 2016 end-page: 535 ident: CR36 article-title: Assessing the ability of LSTMs to learn syntax-sensitive dependencies publication-title: Trans Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.1162/tacl_a_00115 – year: 2019 ident: CR58 article-title: Analyzing multi-head self-attention: specialized heads do the heavy lifting, the rest can be pruned publication-title: Proc Conf Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/p19-1580 – ident: CR15 – year: 2009 ident: CR33 article-title: Dependency parsing publication-title: Synth Lect Hum Lang Technol doi: 10.2200/S00169ED1V01Y200901HLT002 – year: 2020 ident: CR38 article-title: Metaphor detection using contextual word embeddings from transformers publication-title: Proc Second Worksh Fig Lang Process doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.figlang-1.34 – volume: 19 start-page: 729 issue: 12 year: 2015 end-page: 743 ident: CR20 article-title: Structures, not strings: linguistics as part of the cognitive sciences publication-title: Trends Cognit Sci doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008 – volume: 23 start-page: 45 issue: 1 year: 1991 end-page: 93 ident: CR5 article-title: Broken agreement publication-title: Cognit Psychol doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(91)90003-7 – ident: CR11 – ident: CR57 – ident: CR32 – volume: 180 start-page: 2044 issue: 10 year: 2010 end-page: 2064 ident: CR22 article-title: Advanced nonparametric tests for multiple comparisons in the design of experiments in computational intelligence and data mining: experimental analysis of power publication-title: Inform Sci doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.010 – year: 2019 ident: CR17 article-title: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding publication-title: Proc Conf N Am Chap Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/N19-1423 – year: 2019 ident: CR16 article-title: Testing a minimalist grammar parser on Italian relative clause asymmetries publication-title: Proc Worksh Cognit Model Comput Linguist Asso Comput Linguist https:// doi: 10.18653/v1/W19-2911 – ident: CR26 – year: 2011 ident: CR30 publication-title: The origins of grammar: language in the light of evolution II – ident: CR18 – ident: CR43 – year: 2020 ident: CR3 article-title: Detecting sarcasm in conversation context using transformer-based models publication-title: Proce Second Worksh Fig Lang Process Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.figlang-1.15 – ident: CR2 – ident: CR53 – year: 2018 ident: CR45 article-title: Deep contextualized word representations publication-title: Proc Conf N Am Chapter Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/N18-1202 – year: 2020 ident: CR10 article-title: Finding universal grammatical relations in multilingual BERT publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.493 – volume: 7 start-page: 625 year: 2019 end-page: 641 ident: CR61 article-title: Neural network acceptability judgments publication-title: Trans Assoc Comput Linguistics doi: 10.1162/tacl_a_00290 – year: 2018 ident: CR40 article-title: Extracting syntactic trees from transformer encoder self-attentions publication-title: Proc EMNLP Worksh Blackbox NLP doi: 10.18653/v1/W18-5444 – ident: CR6 – volume: 8 start-page: 181258 year: 2020 end-page: 181292 ident: CR14 article-title: Can machines tell stories? A comparative study of deep neural language models and metrics publication-title: IEEE Access doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3023421 – year: 2019 ident: CR28 article-title: A structural probe for finding syntax in word representations publication-title: Proc Conf N Am Chapter Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/N19-1419 – ident: CR23 – year: 2020 ident: CR35 article-title: A survey on deep learning for named entity recognition publication-title: IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng doi: 10.1109/TKDE.2020.2981314 – year: 2018 ident: CR25 article-title: Colorless green recurrent networks dream hierarchically publication-title: Proc Conf N Am Chapter Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/N18-1108 – ident: CR44 – ident: CR48 – volume: 28 start-page: 2146 year: 2020 end-page: 2157 ident: CR59 article-title: SBERT-WK: a sentence embedding method by dissecting BERT-based word models publication-title: IEEE/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process doi: 10.1109/TASLP.2020.3008390 – year: 2020 ident: CR55 article-title: ZPR2: Joint zero pronoun recovery and resolution using multi-task learning and BERT publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.482 – ident: CR52 – year: 2018 ident: CR47 article-title: An analysis of encoder representations in transformer-based machine translation publication-title: Proc Worksh doi: 10.18653/v1/w18-5431 – year: 2020 ident: CR9 article-title: The emergence of social media data and sentiment analysis in election prediction publication-title: J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput doi: 10.1007/s12652-020-02423-y – volume: 61 start-page: 907 year: 2018 end-page: 926 ident: CR29 article-title: Visualisation and diagnostic classifiers reveal how recurrent and recursive neural networks process hierarchical structure publication-title: J Artif Intell Res doi: 10.1613/jair.1.11196 – ident: CR7 – ident: CR62 – ident: CR24 – volume: 13 start-page: 155 issue: 2 year: 2009 end-page: 163 ident: CR50 article-title: Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: romance languages as heritage languages publication-title: Int J Biling doi: 10.1177/1367006909339814 – year: 2020 ident: 3297_CR38 publication-title: Proc Second Worksh Fig Lang Process doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.figlang-1.34 – volume: 61 start-page: 907 year: 2018 ident: 3297_CR29 publication-title: J Artif Intell Res doi: 10.1613/jair.1.11196 – ident: 3297_CR18 doi: 10.3115/992628.992688 – year: 2018 ident: 3297_CR40 publication-title: Proc EMNLP Worksh Blackbox NLP doi: 10.18653/v1/W18-5444 – year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR31 publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/P19-1356 – year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR58 publication-title: Proc Conf Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/p19-1580 – year: 2020 ident: 3297_CR10 publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.493 – volume: 13 start-page: 155 issue: 2 year: 2009 ident: 3297_CR50 publication-title: Int J Biling doi: 10.1177/1367006909339814 – ident: 3297_CR19 – year: 2018 ident: 3297_CR47 publication-title: Proc Worksh doi: 10.18653/v1/w18-5431 – volume: 17 start-page: 501 issue: 3 year: 1986 ident: 3297_CR49 publication-title: Linguist Inq – ident: 3297_CR2 doi: 10.4000/books.aaccademia.1683 – volume: 7 start-page: 625 year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR61 publication-title: Trans Assoc Comput Linguistics doi: 10.1162/tacl_a_00290 – ident: 3297_CR8 doi: 10.3115/1596276.1596305 – year: 2018 ident: 3297_CR45 publication-title: Proc Conf N Am Chapter Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/N18-1202 – year: 2017 ident: 3297_CR63 publication-title: Proc CoNLL Shared Task doi: 10.18653/v1/K17-3001 – volume: 4 start-page: 521 year: 2016 ident: 3297_CR36 publication-title: Trans Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.1162/tacl_a_00115 – ident: 3297_CR26 doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.659 – ident: 3297_CR51 – volume: 19 start-page: 729 issue: 12 year: 2015 ident: 3297_CR20 publication-title: Trends Cognit Sci doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008 – volume: 23 start-page: 45 issue: 1 year: 1991 ident: 3297_CR5 publication-title: Cognit Psychol doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(91)90003-7 – ident: 3297_CR44 – ident: 3297_CR48 – year: 2020 ident: 3297_CR9 publication-title: J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput doi: 10.1007/s12652-020-02423-y – ident: 3297_CR52 doi: 10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6414 – year: 2017 ident: 3297_CR4 publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/P17-1080 – ident: 3297_CR23 – volume: 31 start-page: 65 issue: 1–2 year: 2017 ident: 3297_CR60 publication-title: Mach Transl doi: 10.1007/s10590-016-9184-9 – year: 2020 ident: 3297_CR3 publication-title: Proce Second Worksh Fig Lang Process Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.figlang-1.15 – volume: 8 start-page: 181258 year: 2020 ident: 3297_CR14 publication-title: IEEE Access doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3023421 – year: 2018 ident: 3297_CR25 publication-title: Proc Conf N Am Chapter Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/N18-1108 – ident: 3297_CR43 – volume: 22 start-page: 162 issue: 2–3 year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR21 publication-title: Syntax doi: 10.1111/synt.12184 – year: 2020 ident: 3297_CR55 publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.482 – ident: 3297_CR6 – ident: 3297_CR62 – ident: 3297_CR24 – year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR28 publication-title: Proc Conf N Am Chapter Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/N19-1419 – volume-title: The origins of grammar: language in the light of evolution II year: 2011 ident: 3297_CR30 – volume: 28 start-page: 2146 year: 2020 ident: 3297_CR59 publication-title: IEEE/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process doi: 10.1109/TASLP.2020.3008390 – ident: 3297_CR32 – year: 2009 ident: 3297_CR33 publication-title: Synth Lect Hum Lang Technol doi: 10.2200/S00169ED1V01Y200901HLT002 – year: 2018 ident: 3297_CR34 publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/P18-1132 – ident: 3297_CR53 – ident: 3297_CR57 – year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR17 publication-title: Proc Conf N Am Chap Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/N19-1423 – year: 2020 ident: 3297_CR35 publication-title: IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng doi: 10.1109/TKDE.2020.2981314 – year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR27 publication-title: Proc Conf Empir Methods Natl Lang Process doi: 10.18653/v1/D19-1275 – year: 2018 ident: 3297_CR41 publication-title: Proc Conf Empir Methods Natl Lang Process Assoc Comput Linguis https:// doi: 10.18653/v1/D18-1151 – ident: 3297_CR11 – ident: 3297_CR15 doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.179 – volume: II start-page: 41 year: 2017 ident: 3297_CR1 publication-title: Order Struct Syntax – ident: 3297_CR42 – volume: 180 start-page: 2044 issue: 10 year: 2010 ident: 3297_CR22 publication-title: Inform Sci doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.010 – year: 2020 ident: 3297_CR13 publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.747 – ident: 3297_CR46 – ident: 3297_CR7 – year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR16 publication-title: Proc Worksh Cognit Model Comput Linguist Asso Comput Linguist https:// doi: 10.18653/v1/W19-2911 – year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR56 publication-title: Proc Annu Meet Assoc Comput Linguist Assoc Comput Linguist doi: 10.18653/v1/P19-1452 – volume: 21 start-page: 171 year: 2017 ident: 3297_CR37 publication-title: Phys Life Rev doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2017.03.002 – ident: 3297_CR39 – ident: 3297_CR54 doi: 10.3115/1613715.1613751 – year: 2019 ident: 3297_CR12 publication-title: Proc ACL Worksh Blackbox NLP doi: 10.18653/v1/W19-4828 |
| SSID | ssj0000393111 |
| Score | 2.3898575 |
| Snippet | The work presented in this paper investigates the ability of BERT neural language model pretrained in Italian to embed syntactic dependency relationships into... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref springer |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 289 |
| SubjectTerms | Artificial Intelligence Computational Intelligence Engineering English language Italian language Knowledge Linguistics Machine translation Morphology Natural language Original Research Parsers Robotics and Automation Semantics Syntax User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: SpringerLINK Contemporary 1997-Present dbid: RSV link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1bS8MwFA46fdAH7-J0Sh5800CTXpL4prKhIEPmHHsrSZqCIJ2snbg3_4Z_z19ikrZORQV9KzQN5ZycS87lOwAcRomfSqVDxAgnyGg_I3NEc4QpZaH2uFYOSHtwRbtdNhzy66opLK-r3euUpNPUs2Y3EoUE2ZICzyecomAeLBhzx6w49m4G75EV222K3eBdCwWPQuzTqlvm-20-W6SZm_klM-oMTmf1f7-6BlYqBxOelidiHczpbAMsf4Ad3ASqzPSaZ3jW7vVfn19yWMJ1T2Exgm6QBLwsXAQE5tOsEE8nUECHRAtHGczMtRXlE2lDOFBkCRTm0u7CjNBWjFlMB7EFbjvt_vkFqoYtIOWzsLAFEpSlSkRBgo3KC3ASSu5porCxV5FhWqBSggX1vITJhEgiFSWECSqMjxgaP2QbNLJRpncA5ImvPU9GCfZEwHzJ0yB1-UQlSWr8lybANcFjVSGR24EY9_EMQ9kSMDYEjB0B46AJjt6_eShxOH5d3ar5GFcymcd2LpcFHMR-ExzXfJu9_nm33b8t3wNLdiZ9GadpgUYxnuh9sKgei7t8fODO6htgr-FS priority: 102 providerName: Springer Nature |
| Title | Assessing BERT’s ability to learn Italian syntax: a study on null-subject and agreement phenomena |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12652-021-03297-4 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2920045413 |
| Volume | 14 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000648371500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: AAdvanced Technologies & Aerospace Database (subscription) customDbUrl: eissn: 1868-5145 dateEnd: 20241207 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000393111 issn: 1868-5137 databaseCode: P5Z dateStart: 20100301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/hightechjournals providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Computer Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1868-5145 dateEnd: 20241207 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000393111 issn: 1868-5137 databaseCode: K7- dateStart: 20100301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/compscijour providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1868-5145 dateEnd: 20241207 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000393111 issn: 1868-5137 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20100301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVAVX databaseName: SpringerLink Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1868-5145 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000393111 issn: 1868-5137 databaseCode: RSV dateStart: 20100301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://link.springer.com/search?facet-content-type=%22Journal%22 providerName: Springer Nature |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1NS8MwGA66efDiBypO58jBmwab9COtF3GyoShjzDmGl5KvgiDdXDtxN_-Gf89fYpJ2Gwp68ZJL27T0Sd68ed83zwPAcSDdhAvlo5BEBGnrp-ccURHClIa-ciIlLJH24I52OuFwGHXLgFtWllXObaI11HIkTIz8zKgqGbo47F6MX5BRjTLZ1VJCYxVUMSHYjPNbihYxFnPuFFsJXkMKj3zs0vLcTHF6jgQ-QaZGwXFJRJH3fW1aOpw_cqR26Wlv_vejt8BG6XTCy2KUbIMVle4AUeR79Rths9Xrf75_ZLAg7Z7BfAStnAS8yW0cBGazNGdv55BBy0cLRylM9eYVZVNuAjmQpRIyvXW3wUZo6sYMswPbBQ_tVv_qGpWSC0i4oZ-bMgkaJoIFnsTa8HlY-jxyFBFYr1qBhs4TCcGMOo4MuSSccEEJCRll2lP0tTeyByrpKFX7AEbSVY7DA4kd5oUujxIvsVlFwUmivZgawPOfHYuSj9zIYjzHSyZlA1CsAYotQLFXAyeLZ8YFG8efd9fnqMTlzMziJSQ1cDrHdXn5994O_u7tEKwbJfoiOlMHlXwyVUdgTbzmT9mkAarNVqfba9jxqduu_6jb3v3gC6kt6hM |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V3NbtQwEB6VgkQvpQgQSwv1AU5gETtOnCChCvqjrrqsKrSgikvwXyoklC2btGVvvEZfgofiSRg7SVcg0VsPnJNYdvzNeDw_3wA8TW1cauMSmvGcU9R-KHPc5ZRJmSUuyp0JRNofR3I8zo6O8sMl-NnXwvi0yl4nBkVtp8b7yF_6rkqeLo7FWyffqO8a5aOrfQuNFhYHbn6OV7b69XAH9_cZ53u7k-192nUVoCbOksZnAsisNCoVlqFsC2YTnUeOG4aKOcXZCVNypmQU2Uxbrrk2kvNMSYXGUIIHLo57A24KgZcllJ_D5NOlT8fXubLQ8teT0NOExbKr02mr9XiacOpzIqKY55KKP8_ChYH7V0w2HHV7d_63n7QGq51RTd60UnAXllx1D0wbz8YVkre77ye_flzUpCUln5NmSkK7DDJsgp-H1POqUd9fEUUC3y6ZVqTCyzmtT7V3VBFVWaKOZy44U4nPi_PMFeo-fLiWdT2A5WpauYdAchu7KNKpZZESWazzUpQhamo0L9FKGwDrN7cwHd-6b_vxtVgwRXtAFAiIIgCiEAN4fvnNScs2cuXbGz0Kik7z1MUCAgN40eNo8fjfoz26erRNuL0_eTcqRsPxwTqscLT1Wk_UBiw3s1P3GG6Zs-ZLPXsSZILA5-vG12_hM0Kz |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1JS8QwFH64IXpwF0dHzcGbBpt0SevNbVCUQdzwVrIVBOkMtore_Bv-PX-JSdqZUVFBvBWahvJekvfylu8D2IiUnwmpQxzThGJz-pk9R3WCCWNxqL1ESwekfX3K2u345iY5-9DF76rdeynJqqfBojTl5XZXZduDxjcahRTb8gLPpwnDwTCMBpY0yN7XL677URbbeUocCa-Fhcch8VndOfP9NJ-t08Dl_JIldcanNf3_356BqdrxRLvVSpmFIZ3PweQHOMJ5kFUG2DyjvcPzy7eX1wJVMN7PqOwgRzCBjksXGUHFc17ypx3EkUOoRZ0c5eY6i4sHYUM7iOcKcXOZd-FHZCvJLNYDX4Cr1uHl_hGuSRiw9OOwtIUTLM4kjwJFzFEYEBWKxNNUEmPHIqPMQGaUcOZ5KhaKCiokozTmjBvfMTT-ySKM5J1cLwFKlK89T0SKeDyIfZFkQebyjFLQzPg1DSA94aeyRii3RBl36QBb2QowNQJMnQDToAGb_W-6FT7Hr6ObPZ2m9V4tUsvXZYEIid-ArZ4OB69_nm35b8PXYfzsoJWeHrdPVmDC0tZXoZwmjJT3D3oVxuRjeVvcr7kl_A7qqu0a |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assessing+BERT%E2%80%99s+ability+to+learn+Italian+syntax%3A+a+study+on+null-subject+and+agreement+phenomena&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+ambient+intelligence+and+humanized+computing&rft.au=Guarasci%2C+Raffaele&rft.au=Silvestri%2C+Stefano&rft.au=De+Pietro%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Fujita%2C+Hamido&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+B.V&rft.issn=1868-5137&rft.eissn=1868-5145&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=289&rft.epage=303&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs12652-021-03297-4 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1868-5137&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1868-5137&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1868-5137&client=summon |