Semantic decoupling: reducing the impact of requirement changes

The continuous stream of requirements changes that often takes place during software development and can create major problems in the development process. This paper defines a concept we call semantic coupling that can be used during all the phases of a system specification and design to reduce the...

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Vydáno v:	Requirements engineering Ročník 15; číslo 4; s. 419 - 437
Hlavní autoři:	Navarro, Israel, Leveson, Nancy, Lunqvist, Kristina
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	London Springer-Verlag 01.11.2010 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Computer programs Computer Science Decoupling Design engineering Matrices Original Article Requirements Robots Semantics Software Software Engineering Specifications Software traceability Coupling Software requirements Software changeability
ISSN:	0947-3602, 1432-010X, 1432-010X
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Abstract	The continuous stream of requirements changes that often takes place during software development and can create major problems in the development process. This paper defines a concept we call semantic coupling that can be used during all the phases of a system specification and design to reduce the impact of changing requirements. Within the general framework of the intent specifications, traceability matrices representing the mappings between different abstraction levels are used to evaluate the sensitivity of a given design to requirement changes. The practicality of using the approach on real software is demonstrated using the specification of the control software for a NASA robot designed to service the heat-resistant tiles on the Space Shuttle.
AbstractList	The continuous stream of requirements changes that often takes place during software development and can create major problems in the development process. This paper defines a concept we call semantic coupling that can be used during all the phases of a system specification and design to reduce the impact of changing requirements. Within the general framework of the intent specifications, traceability matrices representing the mappings between different abstraction levels are used to evaluate the sensitivity of a given design to requirement changes. The practicality of using the approach on real software is demonstrated using the specification of the control software for a NASA robot designed to service the heat-resistant tiles on the Space Shuttle. The continuous stream of requirements changes that often takes place during software development and can create major problems in the development process. This paper defines a concept we call semantic coupling that can be used during all the phases of a system specification and design to reduce the impact of changing requirements. Within the general framework of the intent specifications, traceability matrices representing the mappings between different abstraction levels are used to evaluate the sensitivity of a given design to requirement changes. The practicality of using the approach on real software is demonstrated using the specification of the control software for a NASA robot designed to service the heat-resistant tiles on the Space Shuttle.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] The continuous stream of requirements changes that often takes place during software development and can create major problems in the development process. This paper defines a concept we call semantic coupling that can be used during all the phases of a system specification and design to reduce the impact of changing requirements. Within the general framework of the intent specifications, traceability matrices representing the mappings between different abstraction levels are used to evaluate the sensitivity of a given design to requirement changes. The practicality of using the approach on real software is demonstrated using the specification of the control software for a NASA robot designed to service the heat-resistant tiles on the Space Shuttle.
Author	Leveson, Nancy Navarro, Israel Lunqvist, Kristina
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Israel surname: Navarro fullname: Navarro, Israel organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: Nancy surname: Leveson fullname: Leveson, Nancy email: leveson@mit.edu organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology – sequence: 3 givenname: Kristina surname: Lunqvist fullname: Lunqvist, Kristina organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Cites_doi	10.1109/32.825764 10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00142-9 10.1145/1094811.1094824 10.1145/1101908.1101962 10.1109/21.370186 10.1109/ICRE.2002.1048507 10.1109/AERO.2008.4526677 10.1109/TEM.1981.6448589 10.1109/ICSE.2003.1201194 10.1147/sj.132.0115 10.1145/361598.361623 10.1049/sej.1994.0011 10.1007/BF01588087 10.7551/mitpress/6867.001.0001 10.1016/0164-1212(93)90072-6 10.1287/mnsc.43.3.276 10.1109/ISRE.1997.566866 10.1145/1052898.1052900 10.1115/DETC1994-0034 10.7551/mitpress/2366.001.0001 10.1109/TSE.2004.41 10.1145/1081706.1081734 10.1109/TSMC.1985.6313353 10.1145/74587.74628 10.1145/349360.351140 10.1145/503271.503224
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References	Dulac N, Viguier T, Leveson N, M-A Storey (2002) On the use of visualization in formal requirements specification. International Conference on Requirements Engineering, Essen, Germany Sullivan K, Griswold W, Song Y et al (2005) Information hiding interfaces for aspect-oriented design. In: ESEC/FSE ‘05, September PohlKProcess-centered requirements engineering1996New YorkWiley RasmussenJThe role of hierarchical knowledge representation in decision making and system managementIEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern1985152234243 StewardDVThe design structure system: a method for managing the design of complex systemsIEEE Trans Eng Manage19812837174 Leveson NG, Reese JD (1994) TCAS II intent specification. http://sunnyday.mit.edu/papers/intent.pdf DePauwWKimmelmanDStaskoJVisualizing object-oriented software executionSoftware visualization1997CambridgeMIT Press329367 Gotel O, Finkelstein A (1997) Extended requirements traceability: results of an industrial case study. In: Proceedings of third international symposium on requirements engineering (RE97). IEEE Computer Society Press, pp 169–178 Sangal N, Jordan E, Sinha V, and Jackson D (2005) Using dependency models to manage complex software architecture. In: Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on object oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications, pp 167–176 Owens BD, Herring MS, Dulac N, Leveson N, Ingham M, Weiss KA (2008) Application of a safety-driven design methodology to an outer planet exploration mission. IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana, March 2008 Dahlstedt AG, Persson A (2003) Requirements interdependencies-moulding the state of research into a research agenda. In: Ninth international workshop on requirements engineering: foundation for software quality (REFSQ ‘03) WilkieFGKitchenhamBACoupling measures and change ripples in C++ application softwareJ Syst Softw2000522–315716410.1016/S0164-1212(99)00142-9 Allen EB, Khosgoftaar TM, Chen Y (2001) Measuring coupling and complexity of software modules: an information theory approach. In: Seventh international software metrics symposium, p 124 Lopes CV, Bajracharya SK (2005) An analysis of modularity in aspect oriented design. In: 4th international conference on aspect-oriented software development. New York, NY, USA, pp 15–26 ParnasDLOn the criteria to be used in decomposing system into modulesCommun ACM197215121053105810.1145/361598.361623 Pimmler TU, Eppinger S (1994) Integration analysis of product decompositions. In: Proceedings of the ASME DETC design theory and methodology conference. Minneapolis Dick J (2002) Rich traceability. In: Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on traceability in emerging forms of software engineering, Edinburgh, Scotland, Sept 2002 Dowling KR, Bennett R, Blackwell M, Graham T, Gatrall S, O’Toole R, Schempf H (1992) A mobile robot system for ground servicing operations on the space shuttle. Cooperative intelligent robotics in space III. In: Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, 16–18 November 1992 (A93-29101 10–54). Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, WA, pp 298–309 YourdonEConstantineLStructured design1979Englewood CliffsPrentice Hall0466.68003 ArisholmEBriandLFoyenADynamic coupling measurement for object-oriented softwareIEEE Trans Softw Eng200430849150610.1109/TSE.2004.41 LevesonNGIntent specifications: an approach to building human-centered specificationsIEEE Trans Softw Eng20002611535 LevesonNGSafeware: system safety and computers1995BostonAddison-Wesley LevesonNGA new accident model for engineering safer systemsSaf Sci200442423727010.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X BaldwinCYClarkKBDesign rules, vol 1: the power of modularity2000CambridgeThe MIT Press SullivanKCaiYHallenBGriswoldWGThe structure and value of modularity in software designSIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes20012659910810.1145/503271.503224 SmithRPEppingerSIdentifying controlling features of engineering design iterationManage Sci1997433276293 GarudRKumaraswamyATechnological and organizational designs to achieve economics of substitutionStrateg Manag J1995176365 Cai Y, Sullivam KJ (2005) Simon: modeling and analysis of design space structures. In: Proceedings of the 20th IEEE/ACM international conference on automated software engineering, pp 329–332 Marcus A, Maletic J (2003) Recovering documentation-to-source-code traceability links using latent semantic indexing. International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) KotonyaGSommervilleIRequirements engineering: processes and techniques1998New YorkWiley GlaserRChiMTHFarrMJThe nature of expertise1988HillsdaleErlbaum OffuttJHarroldMJKoltePA software metric system for module couplingJ Syst Softw199320329530810.1016/0164-1212(93)90072-6 Stevens WP, Myers GJ, Constantine LL (1974) Structured design. IBM Syst J 13(2):115–139 AokiMTowards a comparative institutional analysis2001CambridgeMIT Press(Chap. 4) MacCormack A, Rusnak J, Baldwin C (2004) Exploring the structure of complex software designs: an empirical study of open source and proprietary code. Harvard Business School Working Paper Number 05-016 MyersGJComposite/structured design1978New YorkVan Nostrand Reinhold Company RotenstreichSToward measuring potential couplingSoftw Eng J199492839010.1049/sej.1994.0011 BaldwinCYClarkKBMinaiABrahaDYamYBModularity in the design of complex engineering systemsComplex engineered systems: science meets technology2006NYNew England Complex Systems Institute Series on Complexity VicenteKJChristoffersenKPereklitASupporting operator problem solving through ecological interface designIEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern199525452954510.1109/21.370186 EppingerSWhitneyDA model-base method for organizing tasks in product developmentRes Eng Des1994611310.1007/BF01588087 Jaffe MS (1988) Completeness, robustness, and safety in real-time software. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Irvine MyersGJReliable software through composite design1975New YorkPetrocelli/Charter Leveson NG (2000) Completeness in formal specification language design for process-control systems. ACM Formal Methods in Software Practice, Portland CY Baldwin (109_CR4) 2000 DV Steward (109_CR38) 1981; 28 W DePauw (109_CR8) 1997 FG Wilkie (109_CR42) 2000; 52 E Arisholm (109_CR3) 2004; 30 GJ Myers (109_CR27) 1978 G Kotonya (109_CR17) 1998 NG Leveson (109_CR22) 2004; 42 E Yourdon (109_CR43) 1979 NG Leveson (109_CR18) 1995 109_CR10 109_CR32 S Rotenstreich (109_CR34) 1994; 9 K Sullivan (109_CR39) 2001; 26 109_CR1 109_CR36 109_CR35 109_CR11 109_CR33 R Garud (109_CR13) 1995; 17 R Glaser (109_CR14) 1988 109_CR16 109_CR15 109_CR37 KJ Vicente (109_CR41) 1995; 25 109_CR19 CY Baldwin (109_CR5) 2006 DL Parnas (109_CR30) 1972; 15 M Aoki (109_CR2) 2001 109_CR7 K Pohl (109_CR31) 1996 109_CR6 109_CR9 109_CR21 109_CR20 109_CR40 109_CR25 109_CR24 GJ Myers (109_CR26) 1975 J Offutt (109_CR28) 1993; 20 109_CR23 109_CR29 S Eppinger (109_CR12) 1994; 6
References_xml	– reference: MacCormack A, Rusnak J, Baldwin C (2004) Exploring the structure of complex software designs: an empirical study of open source and proprietary code. Harvard Business School Working Paper Number 05-016 – reference: Owens BD, Herring MS, Dulac N, Leveson N, Ingham M, Weiss KA (2008) Application of a safety-driven design methodology to an outer planet exploration mission. IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana, March 2008 – reference: BaldwinCYClarkKBDesign rules, vol 1: the power of modularity2000CambridgeThe MIT Press – reference: RotenstreichSToward measuring potential couplingSoftw Eng J199492839010.1049/sej.1994.0011 – reference: Dulac N, Viguier T, Leveson N, M-A Storey (2002) On the use of visualization in formal requirements specification. International Conference on Requirements Engineering, Essen, Germany – reference: BaldwinCYClarkKBMinaiABrahaDYamYBModularity in the design of complex engineering systemsComplex engineered systems: science meets technology2006NYNew England Complex Systems Institute Series on Complexity – reference: PohlKProcess-centered requirements engineering1996New YorkWiley – reference: AokiMTowards a comparative institutional analysis2001CambridgeMIT Press(Chap. 4) – reference: LevesonNGIntent specifications: an approach to building human-centered specificationsIEEE Trans Softw Eng20002611535 – reference: SullivanKCaiYHallenBGriswoldWGThe structure and value of modularity in software designSIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes20012659910810.1145/503271.503224 – reference: Stevens WP, Myers GJ, Constantine LL (1974) Structured design. IBM Syst J 13(2):115–139 – reference: DePauwWKimmelmanDStaskoJVisualizing object-oriented software executionSoftware visualization1997CambridgeMIT Press329367 – reference: ArisholmEBriandLFoyenADynamic coupling measurement for object-oriented softwareIEEE Trans Softw Eng200430849150610.1109/TSE.2004.41 – reference: Sullivan K, Griswold W, Song Y et al (2005) Information hiding interfaces for aspect-oriented design. In: ESEC/FSE ‘05, September – reference: Leveson NG, Reese JD (1994) TCAS II intent specification. http://sunnyday.mit.edu/papers/intent.pdf – reference: Jaffe MS (1988) Completeness, robustness, and safety in real-time software. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Irvine – reference: GarudRKumaraswamyATechnological and organizational designs to achieve economics of substitutionStrateg Manag J1995176365 – reference: MyersGJReliable software through composite design1975New YorkPetrocelli/Charter – reference: GlaserRChiMTHFarrMJThe nature of expertise1988HillsdaleErlbaum – reference: KotonyaGSommervilleIRequirements engineering: processes and techniques1998New YorkWiley – reference: LevesonNGA new accident model for engineering safer systemsSaf Sci200442423727010.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X – reference: Dahlstedt AG, Persson A (2003) Requirements interdependencies-moulding the state of research into a research agenda. In: Ninth international workshop on requirements engineering: foundation for software quality (REFSQ ‘03) – reference: LevesonNGSafeware: system safety and computers1995BostonAddison-Wesley – reference: Cai Y, Sullivam KJ (2005) Simon: modeling and analysis of design space structures. In: Proceedings of the 20th IEEE/ACM international conference on automated software engineering, pp 329–332 – reference: VicenteKJChristoffersenKPereklitASupporting operator problem solving through ecological interface designIEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern199525452954510.1109/21.370186 – reference: Lopes CV, Bajracharya SK (2005) An analysis of modularity in aspect oriented design. In: 4th international conference on aspect-oriented software development. New York, NY, USA, pp 15–26 – reference: Allen EB, Khosgoftaar TM, Chen Y (2001) Measuring coupling and complexity of software modules: an information theory approach. In: Seventh international software metrics symposium, p 124 – reference: ParnasDLOn the criteria to be used in decomposing system into modulesCommun ACM197215121053105810.1145/361598.361623 – reference: EppingerSWhitneyDA model-base method for organizing tasks in product developmentRes Eng Des1994611310.1007/BF01588087 – reference: WilkieFGKitchenhamBACoupling measures and change ripples in C++ application softwareJ Syst Softw2000522–315716410.1016/S0164-1212(99)00142-9 – reference: Sangal N, Jordan E, Sinha V, and Jackson D (2005) Using dependency models to manage complex software architecture. In: Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on object oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications, pp 167–176 – reference: Dowling KR, Bennett R, Blackwell M, Graham T, Gatrall S, O’Toole R, Schempf H (1992) A mobile robot system for ground servicing operations on the space shuttle. Cooperative intelligent robotics in space III. In: Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, 16–18 November 1992 (A93-29101 10–54). Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, WA, pp 298–309 – reference: Leveson NG (2000) Completeness in formal specification language design for process-control systems. ACM Formal Methods in Software Practice, Portland – reference: SmithRPEppingerSIdentifying controlling features of engineering design iterationManage Sci1997433276293 – reference: MyersGJComposite/structured design1978New YorkVan Nostrand Reinhold Company – reference: RasmussenJThe role of hierarchical knowledge representation in decision making and system managementIEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern1985152234243 – reference: Dick J (2002) Rich traceability. 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Snippet	The continuous stream of requirements changes that often takes place during software development and can create major problems in the development process. This...
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SubjectTerms	Computer programs Computer Science Decoupling Design engineering Matrices Original Article Requirements Robots Semantics Software Software Engineering Specifications
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Title	Semantic decoupling: reducing the impact of requirement changes
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