The neural coding of expected and unexpected monetary performance outcomes: Dissociations between active and observational learning

► Learning performance is similar for active and observational feedback learning. ► The anterior caudate nucleus is activated more strongly for active learning. ► The medial orbitofrontal cortex is activated more strongly for active learning. ► Hippocampal activity is enhanced for unexpected reward...

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Vydané v:	Behavioural brain research Ročník 227; číslo 1; s. 241 - 251
Hlavní autori:	Bellebaum, C., Jokisch, D., Gizewski, E.R., Forsting, M., Daum, I.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.02.2012
Predmet:	Adolescent Adult Analysis of Variance Brain - blood supply Brain - physiology Brain Mapping Choice Behavior - physiology Feedback, Psychological - physiology Female Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Learning Learning - physiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Observation Orbitofrontal cortex Oxygen - blood Pattern Recognition, Visual - physiology Photic Stimulation Prediction error Reaction Time - physiology Reward Striatum Time Factors Young Adult Learning Observation Striatum Orbitofrontal cortex Reward Prediction error
ISSN:	0166-4328, 1872-7549, 1872-7549
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Abstract	► Learning performance is similar for active and observational feedback learning. ► The anterior caudate nucleus is activated more strongly for active learning. ► The medial orbitofrontal cortex is activated more strongly for active learning. ► Hippocampal activity is enhanced for unexpected reward in observational learners. Successful adaptation to the environment requires the learning of stimulus–response–outcome associations. Such associations can be learned actively by trial and error or by observing the behaviour and accompanying outcomes in other persons. The present study investigated similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms of active and observational learning from monetary feedback using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two groups of 15 subjects each – active and observational learners – participated in the experiment. On every trial, active learners chose between two stimuli and received monetary feedback. Each observational learner observed the choices and outcomes of one active learner. Learning performance as assessed via active test trials without feedback was comparable between groups. Different activation patterns were observed for the processing of unexpected vs. expected monetary feedback in active and observational learners, particularly for positive outcomes. Activity for unexpected vs. expected reward was stronger in the right striatum in active learning, while activity in the hippocampus was bilaterally enhanced in observational and reduced in active learning. Modulation of activity by prediction error (PE) magnitude was observed in the right putamen in both types of learning, whereas PE related activations in the right anterior caudate nucleus and in the medial orbitofrontal cortex were stronger for active learning. The striatum and orbitofrontal cortex thus appear to link reward stimuli to own behavioural reactions and are less strongly involved when the behavioural outcome refers to another person's action. Alternative explanations such as differences in reward value between active and observational learning are also discussed.
AbstractList	Successful adaptation to the environment requires the learning of stimulus-response-outcome associations. Such associations can be learned actively by trial and error or by observing the behaviour and accompanying outcomes in other persons. The present study investigated similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms of active and observational learning from monetary feedback using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two groups of 15 subjects each - active and observational learners - participated in the experiment. On every trial, active learners chose between two stimuli and received monetary feedback. Each observational learner observed the choices and outcomes of one active learner. Learning performance as assessed via active test trials without feedback was comparable between groups. Different activation patterns were observed for the processing of unexpected vs. expected monetary feedback in active and observational learners, particularly for positive outcomes. Activity for unexpected vs. expected reward was stronger in the right striatum in active learning, while activity in the hippocampus was bilaterally enhanced in observational and reduced in active learning. Modulation of activity by prediction error (PE) magnitude was observed in the right putamen in both types of learning, whereas PE related activations in the right anterior caudate nucleus and in the medial orbitofrontal cortex were stronger for active learning. The striatum and orbitofrontal cortex thus appear to link reward stimuli to own behavioural reactions and are less strongly involved when the behavioural outcome refers to another person's action. Alternative explanations such as differences in reward value between active and observational learning are also discussed. ► Learning performance is similar for active and observational feedback learning. ► The anterior caudate nucleus is activated more strongly for active learning. ► The medial orbitofrontal cortex is activated more strongly for active learning. ► Hippocampal activity is enhanced for unexpected reward in observational learners. Successful adaptation to the environment requires the learning of stimulus–response–outcome associations. Such associations can be learned actively by trial and error or by observing the behaviour and accompanying outcomes in other persons. The present study investigated similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms of active and observational learning from monetary feedback using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two groups of 15 subjects each – active and observational learners – participated in the experiment. On every trial, active learners chose between two stimuli and received monetary feedback. Each observational learner observed the choices and outcomes of one active learner. Learning performance as assessed via active test trials without feedback was comparable between groups. Different activation patterns were observed for the processing of unexpected vs. expected monetary feedback in active and observational learners, particularly for positive outcomes. Activity for unexpected vs. expected reward was stronger in the right striatum in active learning, while activity in the hippocampus was bilaterally enhanced in observational and reduced in active learning. Modulation of activity by prediction error (PE) magnitude was observed in the right putamen in both types of learning, whereas PE related activations in the right anterior caudate nucleus and in the medial orbitofrontal cortex were stronger for active learning. The striatum and orbitofrontal cortex thus appear to link reward stimuli to own behavioural reactions and are less strongly involved when the behavioural outcome refers to another person's action. Alternative explanations such as differences in reward value between active and observational learning are also discussed. Successful adaptation to the environment requires the learning of stimulus-response-outcome associations. Such associations can be learned actively by trial and error or by observing the behaviour and accompanying outcomes in other persons. The present study investigated similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms of active and observational learning from monetary feedback using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two groups of 15 subjects each - active and observational learners - participated in the experiment. On every trial, active learners chose between two stimuli and received monetary feedback. Each observational learner observed the choices and outcomes of one active learner. Learning performance as assessed via active test trials without feedback was comparable between groups. Different activation patterns were observed for the processing of unexpected vs. expected monetary feedback in active and observational learners, particularly for positive outcomes. Activity for unexpected vs. expected reward was stronger in the right striatum in active learning, while activity in the hippocampus was bilaterally enhanced in observational and reduced in active learning. Modulation of activity by prediction error (PE) magnitude was observed in the right putamen in both types of learning, whereas PE related activations in the right anterior caudate nucleus and in the medial orbitofrontal cortex were stronger for active learning. The striatum and orbitofrontal cortex thus appear to link reward stimuli to own behavioural reactions and are less strongly involved when the behavioural outcome refers to another person's action. Alternative explanations such as differences in reward value between active and observational learning are also discussed.Successful adaptation to the environment requires the learning of stimulus-response-outcome associations. Such associations can be learned actively by trial and error or by observing the behaviour and accompanying outcomes in other persons. The present study investigated similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms of active and observational learning from monetary feedback using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two groups of 15 subjects each - active and observational learners - participated in the experiment. On every trial, active learners chose between two stimuli and received monetary feedback. Each observational learner observed the choices and outcomes of one active learner. Learning performance as assessed via active test trials without feedback was comparable between groups. Different activation patterns were observed for the processing of unexpected vs. expected monetary feedback in active and observational learners, particularly for positive outcomes. Activity for unexpected vs. expected reward was stronger in the right striatum in active learning, while activity in the hippocampus was bilaterally enhanced in observational and reduced in active learning. Modulation of activity by prediction error (PE) magnitude was observed in the right putamen in both types of learning, whereas PE related activations in the right anterior caudate nucleus and in the medial orbitofrontal cortex were stronger for active learning. The striatum and orbitofrontal cortex thus appear to link reward stimuli to own behavioural reactions and are less strongly involved when the behavioural outcome refers to another person's action. Alternative explanations such as differences in reward value between active and observational learning are also discussed.
Author	Jokisch, D. Gizewski, E.R. Daum, I. Bellebaum, C. Forsting, M.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: C. surname: Bellebaum fullname: Bellebaum, C. email: christian.bellebaum@rub.de organization: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: D. surname: Jokisch fullname: Jokisch, D. organization: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: E.R. surname: Gizewski fullname: Gizewski, E.R. organization: University Hospital Essen, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: M. surname: Forsting fullname: Forsting, M. organization: University Hospital Essen, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: I. surname: Daum fullname: Daum, I. organization: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
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Keywords	Learning Observation Striatum Orbitofrontal cortex Reward Prediction error
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Snippet	► Learning performance is similar for active and observational feedback learning. ► The anterior caudate nucleus is activated more strongly for active... Successful adaptation to the environment requires the learning of stimulus-response-outcome associations. Such associations can be learned actively by trial...
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Analysis of Variance Brain - blood supply Brain - physiology Brain Mapping Choice Behavior - physiology Feedback, Psychological - physiology Female Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Learning Learning - physiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Observation Orbitofrontal cortex Oxygen - blood Pattern Recognition, Visual - physiology Photic Stimulation Prediction error Reaction Time - physiology Reward Striatum Time Factors Young Adult
Title	The neural coding of expected and unexpected monetary performance outcomes: Dissociations between active and observational learning
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