Practice of Historical Linguistics and Language Codification in Africa
The sheer number of languages in Africa is remarkable; more than 2000 languages are believed to be alive in the continent. Today one can read a newspaper in Swahili, a novel in Gikuyu, or surf the Web in Yoruba. This article offers a diachronic perspective on the scholarly activities that have contr...
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| Published in: | History compass Vol. 6; no. 1; pp. 1 - 24 |
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| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.01.2008
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| ISSN: | 1478-0542, 1478-0542 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The sheer number of languages in Africa is remarkable; more than 2000 languages are believed to be alive in the continent. Today one can read a newspaper in Swahili, a novel in Gikuyu, or surf the Web in Yoruba. This article offers a diachronic perspective on the scholarly activities that have contributed to the codification, documentation, classification, and description of African languages. It discusses the ideology and methods underlying the practice of historical linguistics in Africa prior to the 1960s when modern scientific linguistics began. It contrasts the methods and works of the early practitioners of historical linguistics with the works of modern language scholars. It provides a sample of contemporary linguistic works implicated in language description and codification. |
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| AbstractList | The sheer number of languages in Africa is remarkable; more than 2000 languages are believed to be alive in the continent. Today one can read a newspaper in Swahili, a novel in Gikuyu, or surf the Web in Yoruba. This article offers a diachronic perspective on the scholarly activities that have contributed to the codification, documentation, classification, and description of African languages. It discusses the ideology and methods underlying the practice of historical linguistics in Africa prior to the 1960s when modern scientific linguistics began. It contrasts the methods and works of the early practitioners of historical linguistics with the works of modern language scholars. It provides a sample of contemporary linguistic works implicated in language description and codification. The sheer number of languages in Africa is remarkable; more than 2000 languages are believed to be alive in the continent. Today one can read a newspaper in Swahili, a novel in Gikuyu, or surf the Web in Yoruba. This article offers a diachronic perspective on the scholarly activities that have contributed to the codification, documentation, classification, and description of African languages. It discusses the ideology and methods underlying the practice of historical linguistics in Africa prior to the 1960s when modern scientific linguistics began. It contrasts the methods and works of the early practitioners of historical linguistics with the works of modern language scholars. It provides a sample of contemporary linguistic works implicated in language description and codification. (Author abstract) |
| Author | Agwuele, Augustine |
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| References | Westermann, Diedrich, H. Die Sudansprachen, eine sprachvergleicehnde Studies (Hamburg, Germany: L. Friederichsen & Co, 1911). Sebeok, T. A. (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 7, Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa (The Hague: Mouton, 1971). Cook, V. J., and Newson, Mark, Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction, 2nd ed (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996). Maho, Jouni, A Comparative Study of Bantu Noun Classes (Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1999). Prichard, J. C., 'Abstract of a Comparative Review of Philological and Physiological Researches as Applied to the History of the Human Species', British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report 1 (1832): 520-44. Jeffreys, M. D. W., 'Corsali on Bantu and Sudanic Languages', African Studies, 11 (1952): 4, 191. Johnson, Samuel, The History of The Yorubas (Lagos: CSS Press, 1921). Christaller, Johann Gottlieb, A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi (Chwee, Twi). Reprint ed (Ridgemont, NJ: The Gregg Press Inc., 1875). Hodgkin, T., On Negro-Emancipation and American Colonization (London: Richard Watts, 1832). Adelung, J., and Vater, J., Mithridates oder Allgemeine Sprachenkunde mit dem Vater Unser als Sprachprobe in beynahe fünfhundert Sprachen und Mundarten (Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung, 1812). Meinhof, Carl, Grundzüge einer vergleichenden Grammatik der Bantusprachen (Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1906). Bendor-Samuel, John, and Hartell, Rhonda L. (eds.) (1989) The Niger-Congo Languages - A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family (Lanham, MD: University Press of America). Bennett, Patrick R., and Sterk, Jan P., 'South Central Niger-Congo: A Reclassification', SAL 8 (1977): 241-73. Godlewska, A. C., Geography Unbound: French Geographic Science from Cassini to Humboldt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000). Nanda, S., and Warms, R., Cultural Anthropology, 9th ed (Belmont: Thompson & Wadsworth, 2007). Meinhof, Carl, 'Sudansprachen und Hamitensprachen' Zeitschrift fuer Kolonialsprachen 1 (1911): 164. Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N., An Introduction to Language, 7th ed (Boston: Thomson & Heinle, 2003). Kilman, H., The Claims to West Africa to Christian Education through the Native Languages (London: Harvey and Darton, 1830). Schadeberg, Thilo C., and Elias, Philip, A Description of the Orig Language (Tervuren: Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale, 1979). Meinhof, Carl, Grundriss einer Lehrer der Bantu Sprachen (Leipzig, Germany: Brockhaus, 1899). Westermann, Diedrich, H. Die westlichen Sudansprachen und ihre Beziehungen zum Bantu (Berlin Germany: de Gruyter, 1927). Scammel, G. V., The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion c.1400-1715 (New York, NY: Routledge, 1989). Bleek, Wilhelm, Grimm's Law in South Africa; or, Phonetic Changes in the South African Bantu Languages. 1. In the South Eastern Branch (Hertford, 1871). Pinker, S., The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 1994). Humboldt, W. v., Linguistic Variability and Intellectual Development (Miami, FL: University of Miami Press, 1971). Lepsius, Richard, Das allgemeine linguistische Alphabet. Grundsaetze der Uebertragung fremder Schriftsysteme und bisher noch ungeschriebener Sprachen in europaische Buchstaben (Berlin: Martin Suendig oHG, 1855). Tylor, E. B., Primitive Culture, 2 vols., 7th ed (New York, NY: Brentano's, 2004 [1871]). Kölle, S. W., Outlines of a Grammar of the Vei language, Together with a Vei-English Vocabulary and an Account of the Discovery and Nature of the Vei Mode of Syllabic Writing (London: Keegen, Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., 1851). Kass, E. H., 'Thomas Hodgkin, Physician and Social Scientist', Guy's Hospital Report 115 (1966): 268-80. Otelemate, Harry, Aspects of the Tonal System of Kalabari-Ijo (Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information - Stanford Monographs in African Language, 2004). Fabian, Johannes, Language and Colonial Power (Oxford, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986). Schleicher, August, Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Ubersicht und linguistiche Üntersuchungen (Amsterdam: Benjamin Publishing Company, 1983). Balbi, A., Atlas ethnographique du globe, ou classification des peubles anciens et modernes d'après leur langue (Paris: Partie historique et littéraire, 1926). Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed (Dallas, TX: SIL International, 2005). http://www.ethnologue.com/ . Accessed May 21, 2007. 1832; 1 1952; 11 1911; 65 1966; 115 1855 1899 1832 1875 1996 2007 1830 2005 1851 1994 1971 2004 2003 1970 1911; 1 1979 1812 1999 1911 2000 1921 1986 1963 1983 8 1906 1927 1926 1977; 8 1989 1966 e_1_2_10_46_1 e_1_2_10_45_1 e_1_2_10_21_1 e_1_2_10_41_1 e_1_2_10_40_1 Humboldt W. v (e_1_2_10_20_1) 1971 Kass E. H. (e_1_2_10_23_1) 1966; 115 Bennett Patrick R. (e_1_2_10_5_1) 1977; 8 Hodgkin T. (e_1_2_10_19_1) Johnson Samuel (e_1_2_10_22_1) 1921 Kilman H. (e_1_2_10_24_1) 1830 Schadeberg Thilo C. (e_1_2_10_38_1) 1989 Cook V. J. (e_1_2_10_9_1) 1996 Otelemate Harry (e_1_2_10_35_1) 2004 Greenberg J. (e_1_2_10_14_1) 1963 Meinhof Carl (e_1_2_10_29_1) 1899 Meinhof Carl (e_1_2_10_32_1) 1911 e_1_2_10_16_1 Balbi A. (e_1_2_10_3_1) 1926 Fromkin V. (e_1_2_10_11_1) 2003 e_1_2_10_15_1 e_1_2_10_36_1 Sebeok T. A. (e_1_2_10_42_1) 1971 Schadeberg Thilo C. (e_1_2_10_39_1) 1979 e_1_2_10_34_1 Kölle S. W. (e_1_2_10_25_1) 1851 Tylor E. B. (e_1_2_10_43_1) 2004 Nanda S. (e_1_2_10_33_1) 2007 Hair P. E. H. (e_1_2_10_17_1) 1970 Meinhof Carl (e_1_2_10_31_1) 1911; 1 Cole D. T. (e_1_2_10_8_1) 1971 Maho Jouni (e_1_2_10_27_1) 1999 Adelung J. (e_1_2_10_2_1) 1812 Gordon Raymond G. (e_1_2_10_13_1) 2005 Hodgkin T. (e_1_2_10_18_1) 1832 Lepsius Richard (e_1_2_10_26_1) 1855 Bendor‐Samuel John (e_1_2_10_4_1) 1989 Prichard J. C. (e_1_2_10_37_1) 1832; 1 Westermann Diedrich, H. (e_1_2_10_44_1) 1911 Bleek Wilhelm (e_1_2_10_6_1) Fabian Johannes (e_1_2_10_10_1) 1986 Christaller Johann Gottlieb (e_1_2_10_7_1) 1875 Godlewska A. C. (e_1_2_10_12_1) 2000 Meinhof Carl (e_1_2_10_30_1) 1906 e_1_2_10_28_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Bennett, Patrick R., and Sterk, Jan P., 'South Central Niger-Congo: A Reclassification', SAL 8 (1977): 241-73. – reference: Humboldt, W. v., Linguistic Variability and Intellectual Development (Miami, FL: University of Miami Press, 1971). – reference: Scammel, G. V., The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion c.1400-1715 (New York, NY: Routledge, 1989). – reference: Sebeok, T. A. (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 7, Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa (The Hague: Mouton, 1971). – reference: Godlewska, A. C., Geography Unbound: French Geographic Science from Cassini to Humboldt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000). – reference: Schleicher, August, Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Ubersicht und linguistiche Üntersuchungen (Amsterdam: Benjamin Publishing Company, 1983). – reference: Meinhof, Carl, Grundriss einer Lehrer der Bantu Sprachen (Leipzig, Germany: Brockhaus, 1899). – reference: Hodgkin, T., On Negro-Emancipation and American Colonization (London: Richard Watts, 1832). – reference: Nanda, S., and Warms, R., Cultural Anthropology, 9th ed (Belmont: Thompson & Wadsworth, 2007). – reference: Christaller, Johann Gottlieb, A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi (Chwee, Twi). Reprint ed (Ridgemont, NJ: The Gregg Press Inc., 1875). – reference: Balbi, A., Atlas ethnographique du globe, ou classification des peubles anciens et modernes d'après leur langue (Paris: Partie historique et littéraire, 1926). – reference: Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N., An Introduction to Language, 7th ed (Boston: Thomson & Heinle, 2003). – reference: Schadeberg, Thilo C., and Elias, Philip, A Description of the Orig Language (Tervuren: Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale, 1979). – reference: Prichard, J. C., 'Abstract of a Comparative Review of Philological and Physiological Researches as Applied to the History of the Human Species', British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report 1 (1832): 520-44. – reference: Bleek, Wilhelm, Grimm's Law in South Africa; or, Phonetic Changes in the South African Bantu Languages. 1. In the South Eastern Branch (Hertford, 1871). – reference: Kass, E. H., 'Thomas Hodgkin, Physician and Social Scientist', Guy's Hospital Report 115 (1966): 268-80. – reference: Kölle, S. W., Outlines of a Grammar of the Vei language, Together with a Vei-English Vocabulary and an Account of the Discovery and Nature of the Vei Mode of Syllabic Writing (London: Keegen, Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., 1851). – reference: Westermann, Diedrich, H. Die Sudansprachen, eine sprachvergleicehnde Studies (Hamburg, Germany: L. Friederichsen & Co, 1911). – reference: Jeffreys, M. D. W., 'Corsali on Bantu and Sudanic Languages', African Studies, 11 (1952): 4, 191. – reference: Otelemate, Harry, Aspects of the Tonal System of Kalabari-Ijo (Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information - Stanford Monographs in African Language, 2004). – reference: Meinhof, Carl, 'Sudansprachen und Hamitensprachen' Zeitschrift fuer Kolonialsprachen 1 (1911): 164. – reference: Kilman, H., The Claims to West Africa to Christian Education through the Native Languages (London: Harvey and Darton, 1830). – reference: Lepsius, Richard, Das allgemeine linguistische Alphabet. Grundsaetze der Uebertragung fremder Schriftsysteme und bisher noch ungeschriebener Sprachen in europaische Buchstaben (Berlin: Martin Suendig oHG, 1855). – reference: Fabian, Johannes, Language and Colonial Power (Oxford, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986). – reference: Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed (Dallas, TX: SIL International, 2005). http://www.ethnologue.com/ . Accessed May 21, 2007. – reference: Johnson, Samuel, The History of The Yorubas (Lagos: CSS Press, 1921). – reference: Maho, Jouni, A Comparative Study of Bantu Noun Classes (Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1999). – reference: Westermann, Diedrich, H. Die westlichen Sudansprachen und ihre Beziehungen zum Bantu (Berlin Germany: de Gruyter, 1927). – reference: Meinhof, Carl, Grundzüge einer vergleichenden Grammatik der Bantusprachen (Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1906). – reference: Adelung, J., and Vater, J., Mithridates oder Allgemeine Sprachenkunde mit dem Vater Unser als Sprachprobe in beynahe fünfhundert Sprachen und Mundarten (Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung, 1812). – reference: Pinker, S., The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 1994). – reference: Bendor-Samuel, John, and Hartell, Rhonda L. (eds.) (1989) The Niger-Congo Languages - A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family (Lanham, MD: University Press of America). – reference: Cook, V. J., and Newson, Mark, Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction, 2nd ed (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996). – reference: Tylor, E. B., Primitive Culture, 2 vols., 7th ed (New York, NY: Brentano's, 2004 [1871]). – year: 1851 – year: 1899 – year: 1983 – year: 1832 – year: 1830 – year: 2005 – start-page: 3 year: 1989 end-page: 45 – volume: 1 start-page: 520 year: 1832 end-page: 44 article-title: ‘Abstract of a Comparative Review of Philological and Physiological Researches as Applied to the History of the Human Species’ publication-title: British Association for the Advancement of Science – year: 1855 – year: 2007 – year: 1989 – volume: 8 start-page: 241 year: 1977 end-page: 73 article-title: ‘South Central Niger‐Congo: A Reclassification’ publication-title: SAL – year: 2003 – year: 1966) – start-page: 73 year: 1963 end-page: 113 – year: 1996 – year: 2000 – year: 1921 – start-page: 1 year: 1971 end-page: 19 – year: 1971 – volume: 65 start-page: 117 year: 1911 end-page: 200 – year: 1812 – year: 1927 – year: 1906 – year: 1979 – volume: 115 start-page: 268 year: 1966 end-page: 80 article-title: ‘Thomas Hodgkin, Physician and Social Scientist’ publication-title: Guy's Hospital Report – year: 1994 – volume: 1 start-page: 164 year: 1911 article-title: ‘Sudansprachen und Hamitensprachen’ publication-title: Zeitschrift fuer Kolonialsprachen – year: 1986 – year: 1911 – volume: 8 start-page: 27 end-page: 36 – start-page: 50 year: 1970 end-page: 63 – start-page: 66 year: 1989 end-page: 80 – publication-title: Grimm's Law in South Africa; or, Phonetic Changes in the South African Bantu Languages. 1. In the South Eastern Branch (Hertford, 1871) – year: 1875 – year: 2004 – year: 1970) – volume: 11 start-page: 4 year: 1952 article-title: ‘Corsali on Bantu and Sudanic Languages’ publication-title: African Studies – year: 1926 – year: 1999 – volume-title: Atlas ethnographique du globe, ou classification des peubles anciens et modernes d’après leur langue year: 1926 ident: e_1_2_10_3_1 – start-page: 1 volume-title: Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 7, Linguistics in Sub‐Saharan Africa year: 1971 ident: e_1_2_10_8_1 – volume-title: Geography Unbound: French Geographic Science from Cassini to Humboldt year: 2000 ident: e_1_2_10_12_1 – start-page: 73 volume-title: Universals of Language year: 1963 ident: e_1_2_10_14_1 – volume: 1 start-page: 164 year: 1911 ident: e_1_2_10_31_1 article-title: ‘Sudansprachen und Hamitensprachen’ publication-title: Zeitschrift fuer Kolonialsprachen – volume: 1 start-page: 520 year: 1832 ident: e_1_2_10_37_1 article-title: ‘Abstract of a Comparative Review of Philological and Physiological Researches as Applied to the History of the Human Species’ publication-title: British Association for the Advancement of Science – start-page: 117 volume-title: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaendischen Gesellchaft year: 1911 ident: e_1_2_10_32_1 – volume-title: Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 7, Linguistics in Sub‐Saharan Africa year: 1971 ident: e_1_2_10_42_1 – volume-title: On Negro‐Emancipation and American Colonization year: 1832 ident: e_1_2_10_18_1 – ident: e_1_2_10_28_1 – volume-title: Cultural Anthropology year: 2007 ident: e_1_2_10_33_1 – volume-title: The Niger‐Congo Languages – A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family year: 1989 ident: e_1_2_10_4_1 – ident: e_1_2_10_45_1 doi: 10.1515/9783111390192 – ident: e_1_2_10_6_1 publication-title: Grimm's Law in South Africa; or, Phonetic Changes in the South African Bantu Languages. 1. 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