Highland cropland expansion and forest loss in Southeast Asia in the twenty-first century

Southeast Asia is a hotspot of tropical deforestation for agriculture. Most of the deforestation is thought to occur in lowland forests, whereas the region’s mountainous highlands undergo very limited deforestation. However, regional reports of cropland expansion in some highland areas suggest that...

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Published in:	Nature geoscience Vol. 11; no. 8; pp. 556 - 562
Main Authors:	Zeng, Zhenzhong, Estes, Lyndon, Ziegler, Alan D, Chen, Anping, Searchinger, Timothy, Hua, Fangyuan, Guan, Kaiyu, Jintrawet, Attachai, Wood, Eric F
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Nature Publishing Group 01.08.2018
Subjects:	21st century Agricultural land Agriculture Biodegradation Biodiversity Carbon capture and storage Carbon sequestration Climate change Deforestation Forest protection Forests Future climates Highlands Imagery Intensive farming Land cover Land degradation Land use Satellite imagery Satellites Shifting cultivation Spaceborne remote sensing Tropical climate Southeast Asia
ISSN:	1752-0894, 1752-0908
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Abstract	Southeast Asia is a hotspot of tropical deforestation for agriculture. Most of the deforestation is thought to occur in lowland forests, whereas the region’s mountainous highlands undergo very limited deforestation. However, regional reports of cropland expansion in some highland areas suggest that this assumption is inaccurate. Here we investigate patterns of forest change and cropland expansion in the region for the twenty-first century, based on multiple streams of state-of-the-art satellite imagery. We find large increases in cultivated areas that have not been documented or projected. Many of these cultivated areas have evolved from forests that vary in health and status, including primary and protected forests, or from recovering lands that were on a trajectory to become secondary forests. These areas all have different biophysical features than croplands. We estimate that an area of 82 billion m2 has been developed into croplands in the Southeast Asian highlands. Some portion of this land-use change is probably attributable to agricultural intensification on formerly swidden agriculture lands; however, a substantial proportion is from new forest loss. Our findings are in marked contrast with projections of land-cover trends that currently inform the prediction of future climate change, terrestrial carbon storage, biomass, biodiversity, and land degradation.
AbstractList	Southeast Asia is a hotspot of tropical deforestation for agriculture. Most of the deforestation is thought to occur in lowland forests, whereas the region’s mountainous highlands undergo very limited deforestation. However, regional reports of cropland expansion in some highland areas suggest that this assumption is inaccurate. Here we investigate patterns of forest change and cropland expansion in the region for the twenty-first century, based on multiple streams of state-of-the-art satellite imagery. We find large increases in cultivated areas that have not been documented or projected. Many of these cultivated areas have evolved from forests that vary in health and status, including primary and protected forests, or from recovering lands that were on a trajectory to become secondary forests. These areas all have different biophysical features than croplands. We estimate that an area of 82 billion m2 has been developed into croplands in the Southeast Asian highlands. Some portion of this land-use change is probably attributable to agricultural intensification on formerly swidden agriculture lands; however, a substantial proportion is from new forest loss. Our findings are in marked contrast with projections of land-cover trends that currently inform the prediction of future climate change, terrestrial carbon storage, biomass, biodiversity, and land degradation.
Author	Chen, Anping Ziegler, Alan D Hua, Fangyuan Wood, Eric F Estes, Lyndon Zeng, Zhenzhong Searchinger, Timothy Guan, Kaiyu Jintrawet, Attachai
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Zhenzhong surname: Zeng fullname: Zeng, Zhenzhong – sequence: 2 givenname: Lyndon surname: Estes fullname: Estes, Lyndon – sequence: 3 givenname: Alan surname: Ziegler middlename: D fullname: Ziegler, Alan D – sequence: 4 givenname: Anping surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Anping – sequence: 5 givenname: Timothy surname: Searchinger fullname: Searchinger, Timothy – sequence: 6 givenname: Fangyuan surname: Hua fullname: Hua, Fangyuan – sequence: 7 givenname: Kaiyu surname: Guan fullname: Guan, Kaiyu – sequence: 8 givenname: Attachai surname: Jintrawet fullname: Jintrawet, Attachai – sequence: 9 givenname: Eric surname: Wood middlename: F fullname: Wood, Eric F
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SubjectTerms	21st century Agricultural land Agriculture Biodegradation Biodiversity Carbon capture and storage Carbon sequestration Climate change Deforestation Forest protection Forests Future climates Highlands Imagery Intensive farming Land cover Land degradation Land use Satellite imagery Satellites Shifting cultivation Spaceborne remote sensing Tropical climate
Title	Highland cropland expansion and forest loss in Southeast Asia in the twenty-first century
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