Inversion of backscatter ionograms and TEC data for over-the-horizon radar
Over‐the‐horizon radar (OTHR) uses ionospheric reflection to propagate HF transmissions to long range (∼500–5000 km). The ionosphere acts as a dynamic “mirror” that varies diurnally, seasonally, and with the solar cycle. Geolocation of targets observed by OTHR (Coordinate Registration (CR)) requires...
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| Vydáno v: | Radio science Ročník 47; číslo 4 |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.08.2012
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| ISSN: | 0048-6604, 1944-799X |
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| Abstract | Over‐the‐horizon radar (OTHR) uses ionospheric reflection to propagate HF transmissions to long range (∼500–5000 km). The ionosphere acts as a dynamic “mirror” that varies diurnally, seasonally, and with the solar cycle. Geolocation of targets observed by OTHR (Coordinate Registration (CR)) requires accurate real‐time ionospheric modeling and HF propagation calculations to convert radar‐measured target signal delays and beam steers to geographical position. We merged our backscatter ionogram (BI) leading edge inversion algorithm CREDO with our more advanced ionospheric data assimilation capability, GPS Ionospheric Inversion (GPSII). The combined algorithm produces a dynamic model of electron density for a fixed geographical region. The model is consistent with BI leading edge data, vertical sounding data, as well as with absolute and relative total electron content (TEC) data from a number of GPS/LEO receivers. Incorporation of additional ionospheric data beyond conventional OTHR vertical and oblique backscatter soundings is expected to enhance the fidelity of real‐time ionosphere models, resulting in improved OTHR Coordinate Registration metric accuracy. Initial tests of the OTHR CR supported by the new ionospheric inversion algorithm indicate noticeable improvement of CR accuracy in comparison with legacy techniques.
Key Points
OTHR coordinate registration requires real‐time ionosphere model
Ionospheric model supported by backscatter and vertical ionograms is useful
Ionospheric model is further improved by incorporating GPS TEC data |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Over‐the‐horizon radar (OTHR) uses ionospheric reflection to propagate HF transmissions to long range (∼500–5000 km). The ionosphere acts as a dynamic “mirror” that varies diurnally, seasonally, and with the solar cycle. Geolocation of targets observed by OTHR (Coordinate Registration (CR)) requires accurate real‐time ionospheric modeling and HF propagation calculations to convert radar‐measured target signal delays and beam steers to geographical position. We merged our backscatter ionogram (BI) leading edge inversion algorithm CREDO with our more advanced ionospheric data assimilation capability, GPS Ionospheric Inversion (GPSII). The combined algorithm produces a dynamic model of electron density for a fixed geographical region. The model is consistent with BI leading edge data, vertical sounding data, as well as with absolute and relative total electron content (TEC) data from a number of GPS/LEO receivers. Incorporation of additional ionospheric data beyond conventional OTHR vertical and oblique backscatter soundings is expected to enhance the fidelity of real‐time ionosphere models, resulting in improved OTHR Coordinate Registration metric accuracy. Initial tests of the OTHR CR supported by the new ionospheric inversion algorithm indicate noticeable improvement of CR accuracy in comparison with legacy techniques.
OTHR coordinate registration requires real‐time ionosphere model
Ionospheric model supported by backscatter and vertical ionograms is useful
Ionospheric model is further improved by incorporating GPS TEC data Over‐the‐horizon radar (OTHR) uses ionospheric reflection to propagate HF transmissions to long range (∼500–5000 km). The ionosphere acts as a dynamic “mirror” that varies diurnally, seasonally, and with the solar cycle. Geolocation of targets observed by OTHR (Coordinate Registration (CR)) requires accurate real‐time ionospheric modeling and HF propagation calculations to convert radar‐measured target signal delays and beam steers to geographical position. We merged our backscatter ionogram (BI) leading edge inversion algorithm CREDO with our more advanced ionospheric data assimilation capability, GPS Ionospheric Inversion (GPSII). The combined algorithm produces a dynamic model of electron density for a fixed geographical region. The model is consistent with BI leading edge data, vertical sounding data, as well as with absolute and relative total electron content (TEC) data from a number of GPS/LEO receivers. Incorporation of additional ionospheric data beyond conventional OTHR vertical and oblique backscatter soundings is expected to enhance the fidelity of real‐time ionosphere models, resulting in improved OTHR Coordinate Registration metric accuracy. Initial tests of the OTHR CR supported by the new ionospheric inversion algorithm indicate noticeable improvement of CR accuracy in comparison with legacy techniques. Key Points OTHR coordinate registration requires real‐time ionosphere model Ionospheric model supported by backscatter and vertical ionograms is useful Ionospheric model is further improved by incorporating GPS TEC data Over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) uses ionospheric reflection to propagate HF transmissions to long range (?500-5000 km). The ionosphere acts as a dynamic "mirror" that varies diurnally, seasonally, and with the solar cycle. Geolocation of targets observed by OTHR (Coordinate Registration (CR)) requires accurate real-time ionospheric modeling and HF propagation calculations to convert radar-measured target signal delays and beam steers to geographical position. We merged our backscatter ionogram (BI) leading edge inversion algorithm CREDO with our more advanced ionospheric data assimilation capability, GPS Ionospheric Inversion (GPSII). The combined algorithm produces a dynamic model of electron density for a fixed geographical region. The model is consistent with BI leading edge data, vertical sounding data, as well as with absolute and relative total electron content (TEC) data from a number of GPS/LEO receivers. Incorporation of additional ionospheric data beyond conventional OTHR vertical and oblique backscatter soundings is expected to enhance the fidelity of real-time ionosphere models, resulting in improved OTHR Coordinate Registration metric accuracy. Initial tests of the OTHR CR supported by the new ionospheric inversion algorithm indicate noticeable improvement of CR accuracy in comparison with legacy techniques. |
| Author | Hausman, Mark Fridman, Sergey V. Nickisch, L. J. |
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| References | Tikhonov, A. N., and V. Y. Arsenin (1977), Solution of Ill-Posed Problems, Halsted, New York. Headrick, J. M. (1990), Looking over the horizon, IEEE Spectrum, 27(7), 36-39, doi:10.1109/6.58421. Fridman, S. V., L. J. Nickisch, and M. Hausman (2009), Personal-computer-based system for real-time reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere using data from diverse sources, Radio Sci., 44, RS3008, doi:10.1029/2008RS004040. Fridman, S. V., L. J. Nickisch, M. Aiello, and M. A. Hausman (2006), Real time reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere using data from a network of GPS receivers, Radio Sci., 41, RS5S12, doi:10.1029/2005RS003341. Davies, K. (1990), Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus, London. Fridman, S. V. (1998), Reconstruction of three-dimensional ionosphere from backscatter and vertical ionograms measured by over-the-horizon radar, Radio Sci., 33(4), 1159-1171, doi:10.1029/98RS00477. Kolmogorov, A. N., and S. V. Fomin (1999), Elements of the Theory of Functions and Functional Analysis, Dover, Mineola, N. Y. Coleman, C. J. (1997), On the simulation of backscatter ionograms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 59, 2089-2099, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(97)00038-2. Headrick, J. M., and M. I. Skolnik (1974), Over-the-horizon radar in the HF band, Proc. IEEE, 62, 664-673, doi:10.1109/PROC.1974.9506. Haselgrove, J. (1957), Oblique ray paths in the ionosphere, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, Sect. B, 70, 653-662, doi:10.1088/0370-1301/70/7/302. Fridman, S. V., and L. J. Nickisch (2001), Generalization of ionospheric tomography on diverse data sources: Reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere from simultaneous vertical ionograms, backscatter ionograms, and total electron content data, Radio Sci., 36(5), 1129-1139, doi:10.1029/1999RS002405. Bertoni, F., Y. Sahai, W. L. C. Lima, P. R. Fagundes, V. G. Pillat, F. Becker-Guedes, and J. R. Abalde (2006), IRI-2001 model predictions compared with ionospheric data observed at Brazilian low latitude stations, Ann. Geophys., 24, 2191-2200, doi:10.5194/angeo-24-2191-2006. Fridman, O. V., and S. V. Fridman (1994), A method of determining horizontal structure of the ionosphere from backscatter ionograms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 56(1), 115-131, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(94)90181-3. 2009; 44 2006; 41 1957; 70 1990 2006; 24 1990; 27 1974; 62 2010 1997; 59 1994; 56 1998 2001; 36 1998; 33 1999 1977 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 Kolmogorov A. N. (e_1_2_7_14_1) 1999 e_1_2_7_8_1 e_1_2_7_7_1 Tikhonov A. N. (e_1_2_7_16_1) 1977 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 e_1_2_7_13_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_11_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Fridman, S. V., L. J. Nickisch, and M. Hausman (2009), Personal-computer-based system for real-time reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere using data from diverse sources, Radio Sci., 44, RS3008, doi:10.1029/2008RS004040. – reference: Tikhonov, A. N., and V. Y. Arsenin (1977), Solution of Ill-Posed Problems, Halsted, New York. – reference: Bertoni, F., Y. Sahai, W. L. C. Lima, P. R. Fagundes, V. G. Pillat, F. Becker-Guedes, and J. R. Abalde (2006), IRI-2001 model predictions compared with ionospheric data observed at Brazilian low latitude stations, Ann. Geophys., 24, 2191-2200, doi:10.5194/angeo-24-2191-2006. – reference: Davies, K. (1990), Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus, London. – reference: Fridman, O. V., and S. V. Fridman (1994), A method of determining horizontal structure of the ionosphere from backscatter ionograms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 56(1), 115-131, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(94)90181-3. – reference: Fridman, S. V., L. J. Nickisch, M. Aiello, and M. A. Hausman (2006), Real time reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere using data from a network of GPS receivers, Radio Sci., 41, RS5S12, doi:10.1029/2005RS003341. – reference: Haselgrove, J. (1957), Oblique ray paths in the ionosphere, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, Sect. B, 70, 653-662, doi:10.1088/0370-1301/70/7/302. – reference: Coleman, C. J. (1997), On the simulation of backscatter ionograms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 59, 2089-2099, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(97)00038-2. – reference: Fridman, S. V. (1998), Reconstruction of three-dimensional ionosphere from backscatter and vertical ionograms measured by over-the-horizon radar, Radio Sci., 33(4), 1159-1171, doi:10.1029/98RS00477. – reference: Headrick, J. M. (1990), Looking over the horizon, IEEE Spectrum, 27(7), 36-39, doi:10.1109/6.58421. – reference: Kolmogorov, A. N., and S. V. Fomin (1999), Elements of the Theory of Functions and Functional Analysis, Dover, Mineola, N. Y. – reference: Fridman, S. V., and L. J. Nickisch (2001), Generalization of ionospheric tomography on diverse data sources: Reconstruction of the three-dimensional ionosphere from simultaneous vertical ionograms, backscatter ionograms, and total electron content data, Radio Sci., 36(5), 1129-1139, doi:10.1029/1999RS002405. – reference: Headrick, J. M., and M. I. Skolnik (1974), Over-the-horizon radar in the HF band, Proc. IEEE, 62, 664-673, doi:10.1109/PROC.1974.9506. – volume: 56 start-page: 115 issue: 1 year: 1994 end-page: 131 article-title: A method of determining horizontal structure of the ionosphere from backscatter ionograms publication-title: J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. – volume: 41 year: 2006 article-title: Real time reconstruction of the three‐dimensional ionosphere using data from a network of GPS receivers publication-title: Radio Sci. – volume: 44 year: 2009 article-title: Personal‐computer‐based system for real‐time reconstruction of the three‐dimensional ionosphere using data from diverse sources publication-title: Radio Sci. – volume: 24 start-page: 2191 year: 2006 end-page: 2200 article-title: IRI‐2001 model predictions compared with ionospheric data observed at Brazilian low latitude stations publication-title: Ann. Geophys. – volume: 62 start-page: 664 year: 1974 end-page: 673 article-title: Over‐the‐horizon radar in the HF band publication-title: Proc. IEEE – volume: 70 start-page: 653 year: 1957 end-page: 662 article-title: Oblique ray paths in the ionosphere publication-title: Proc. Phys. Soc. London, Sect. B – volume: 27 start-page: 36 issue: 7 year: 1990 end-page: 39 article-title: Looking over the horizon publication-title: IEEE Spectrum – year: 1990 – year: 1977 – volume: 33 start-page: 1159 issue: 4 year: 1998 end-page: 1171 article-title: Reconstruction of three‐dimensional ionosphere from backscatter and vertical ionograms measured by over‐the‐horizon radar publication-title: Radio Sci. – volume: 59 start-page: 2089 year: 1997 end-page: 2099 article-title: On the simulation of backscatter ionograms publication-title: J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. – volume: 36 start-page: 1129 issue: 5 year: 2001 end-page: 1139 article-title: Generalization of ionospheric tomography on diverse data sources: Reconstruction of the three‐dimensional ionosphere from simultaneous vertical ionograms, backscatter ionograms, and total electron content data publication-title: Radio Sci. – year: 2010 – year: 1998 – year: 1999 – volume-title: Solution of Ill‐Posed Problems year: 1977 ident: e_1_2_7_16_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_12_1 doi: 10.1109/PROC.1974.9506 – ident: e_1_2_7_11_1 doi: 10.1109/6.58421 – ident: e_1_2_7_13_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_6_1 doi: 10.1029/98RS00477 – ident: e_1_2_7_3_1 doi: 10.1016/S1364‐6826(97)00038‐2 – ident: e_1_2_7_2_1 doi: 10.5194/angeo‐24‐2191‐2006 – ident: e_1_2_7_7_1 doi: 10.1029/1999RS002405 – ident: e_1_2_7_10_1 doi: 10.1088/0370‐1301/70/7/302 – ident: e_1_2_7_8_1 doi: 10.1029/2005RS003341 – ident: e_1_2_7_5_1 doi: 10.1016/0021‐9169(94)90181‐3 – volume-title: Elements of the Theory of Functions and Functional Analysis year: 1999 ident: e_1_2_7_14_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_4_1 doi: 10.1049/PBEW031E – ident: e_1_2_7_9_1 doi: 10.1029/2008RS004040 – ident: e_1_2_7_15_1 |
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| Snippet | Over‐the‐horizon radar (OTHR) uses ionospheric reflection to propagate HF transmissions to long range (∼500–5000 km). The ionosphere acts as a dynamic “mirror”... Over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) uses ionospheric reflection to propagate HF transmissions to long range (?500-5000 km). The ionosphere acts as a dynamic "mirror"... |
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| Title | Inversion of backscatter ionograms and TEC data for over-the-horizon radar |
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