Habitat selection by spotted owls after a megafire reflects their adaptation to historical frequent-fire regimes

Context Climate and land-use change have led to disturbance regimes in many ecosystems without a historical analog, leading to uncertainty about how species adapted to past conditions will respond to novel post-disturbance landscapes. Objectives We examined habitat selection by spotted owls in a pos...

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Published in:	Landscape ecology Vol. 35; no. 5; pp. 1199 - 1213
Main Authors:	Jones, Gavin M., Kramer, H. Anu, Whitmore, Sheila A., Berigan, William J., Tempel, Douglas J., Wood, Connor M., Hobart, Brendan K., Erker, Tedward, Atuo, Fidelis A., Pietrunti, Nicole F., Kelsey, Rodd, Gutiérrez, R. J., Peery, M. Zachariah
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.05.2020 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Biomedical and Life Sciences California climate Disturbances Ecology ecosystems Environmental Management fire regime forests Global positioning systems GPS Habitat availability Habitat selection Habitats Home range Land use land use change Landscape Landscape Ecology Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning landscapes Life Sciences Logging mountains Nature Conservation Owls Research Article salvage logging Small mammals Strigidae Strigiformes Sustainable Development uncertainty California Salvage logging Wildfire Functional response Individual variation Disturbance Resource selection California spotted owl
ISSN:	0921-2973, 1572-9761
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Abstract	Context Climate and land-use change have led to disturbance regimes in many ecosystems without a historical analog, leading to uncertainty about how species adapted to past conditions will respond to novel post-disturbance landscapes. Objectives We examined habitat selection by spotted owls in a post-fire landscape. We tested whether selection or avoidance of severely burned areas could be explained by patch size or configuration, and whether variation in selection among individuals could be explained by differences in habitat availability. Methods We applied mixed-effects models to GPS data from 20 spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, with individual owls occupying home ranges spanning a broad range of post-fire conditions after the 2014 King Fire. Results Individual spotted owls whose home ranges experienced less severe fire (< 5% of home range severely burned) tended to select severely burned forest, but owls avoided severely burned forest when more of their home range was affected (~ 5–40%). Owls also tended to select severe fire patches that were smaller in size and more complex in shape, and rarely traveled > 100-m into severe fire patches. Spotted owls avoided areas that had experienced post-fire salvage logging but the interpretation of this effect was nuanced. Owls also avoided areas that were classified as open and/or young forest prior to the fire. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that spotted owls are adapted to historical fire regimes characterized by small severe fire patches in this region. Shifts in disturbance regimes that produce novel landscape patterns characterized by large, homogeneous patches of high-severity fire may negatively affect this species.
AbstractList	CONTEXT: Climate and land-use change have led to disturbance regimes in many ecosystems without a historical analog, leading to uncertainty about how species adapted to past conditions will respond to novel post-disturbance landscapes. OBJECTIVES: We examined habitat selection by spotted owls in a post-fire landscape. We tested whether selection or avoidance of severely burned areas could be explained by patch size or configuration, and whether variation in selection among individuals could be explained by differences in habitat availability. METHODS: We applied mixed-effects models to GPS data from 20 spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, with individual owls occupying home ranges spanning a broad range of post-fire conditions after the 2014 King Fire. RESULTS: Individual spotted owls whose home ranges experienced less severe fire (< 5% of home range severely burned) tended to select severely burned forest, but owls avoided severely burned forest when more of their home range was affected (~ 5–40%). Owls also tended to select severe fire patches that were smaller in size and more complex in shape, and rarely traveled > 100-m into severe fire patches. Spotted owls avoided areas that had experienced post-fire salvage logging but the interpretation of this effect was nuanced. Owls also avoided areas that were classified as open and/or young forest prior to the fire. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that spotted owls are adapted to historical fire regimes characterized by small severe fire patches in this region. Shifts in disturbance regimes that produce novel landscape patterns characterized by large, homogeneous patches of high-severity fire may negatively affect this species. Context Climate and land-use change have led to disturbance regimes in many ecosystems without a historical analog, leading to uncertainty about how species adapted to past conditions will respond to novel post-disturbance landscapes. Objectives We examined habitat selection by spotted owls in a post-fire landscape. We tested whether selection or avoidance of severely burned areas could be explained by patch size or configuration, and whether variation in selection among individuals could be explained by differences in habitat availability. Methods We applied mixed-effects models to GPS data from 20 spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, with individual owls occupying home ranges spanning a broad range of post-fire conditions after the 2014 King Fire. Results Individual spotted owls whose home ranges experienced less severe fire (< 5% of home range severely burned) tended to select severely burned forest, but owls avoided severely burned forest when more of their home range was affected (~ 5–40%). Owls also tended to select severe fire patches that were smaller in size and more complex in shape, and rarely traveled > 100-m into severe fire patches. Spotted owls avoided areas that had experienced post-fire salvage logging but the interpretation of this effect was nuanced. Owls also avoided areas that were classified as open and/or young forest prior to the fire. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that spotted owls are adapted to historical fire regimes characterized by small severe fire patches in this region. Shifts in disturbance regimes that produce novel landscape patterns characterized by large, homogeneous patches of high-severity fire may negatively affect this species. ContextClimate and land-use change have led to disturbance regimes in many ecosystems without a historical analog, leading to uncertainty about how species adapted to past conditions will respond to novel post-disturbance landscapes.ObjectivesWe examined habitat selection by spotted owls in a post-fire landscape. We tested whether selection or avoidance of severely burned areas could be explained by patch size or configuration, and whether variation in selection among individuals could be explained by differences in habitat availability.MethodsWe applied mixed-effects models to GPS data from 20 spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, with individual owls occupying home ranges spanning a broad range of post-fire conditions after the 2014 King Fire.ResultsIndividual spotted owls whose home ranges experienced less severe fire (< 5% of home range severely burned) tended to select severely burned forest, but owls avoided severely burned forest when more of their home range was affected (~ 5–40%). Owls also tended to select severe fire patches that were smaller in size and more complex in shape, and rarely traveled > 100-m into severe fire patches. Spotted owls avoided areas that had experienced post-fire salvage logging but the interpretation of this effect was nuanced. Owls also avoided areas that were classified as open and/or young forest prior to the fire.ConclusionsOur results support the hypothesis that spotted owls are adapted to historical fire regimes characterized by small severe fire patches in this region. Shifts in disturbance regimes that produce novel landscape patterns characterized by large, homogeneous patches of high-severity fire may negatively affect this species.
Author	Tempel, Douglas J. Kelsey, Rodd Peery, M. Zachariah Jones, Gavin M. Berigan, William J. Hobart, Brendan K. Erker, Tedward Atuo, Fidelis A. Kramer, H. Anu Whitmore, Sheila A. Gutiérrez, R. J. Pietrunti, Nicole F. Wood, Connor M.
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SubjectTerms	Biomedical and Life Sciences California climate Disturbances Ecology ecosystems Environmental Management fire regime forests Global positioning systems GPS Habitat availability Habitat selection Habitats Home range Land use land use change Landscape Landscape Ecology Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning landscapes Life Sciences Logging mountains Nature Conservation Owls Research Article salvage logging Small mammals Strigidae Strigiformes Sustainable Development uncertainty
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Title	Habitat selection by spotted owls after a megafire reflects their adaptation to historical frequent-fire regimes
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