Historical patterns of fire severity and forest structure and composition in a landscape structured by frequent large fires: Pumice Plateau ecoregion, Oregon, USA

Context Lack of quantitative observations of extent, frequency, and severity of large historical fires constrains awareness of departure of contemporary conditions from those that demonstrated resistance and resilience to frequent fire and recurring drought. Objectives Compare historical and contemp...

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Published in:	Landscape ecology Vol. 34; no. 3; pp. 551 - 568
Main Authors:	Hagmann, R. Keala, Merschel, Andrew G., Reilly, Matthew J.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.03.2019 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Biomedical and Life Sciences Composition Coniferous forests Coniferous trees Conifers dendroclimatology Drought Drought resistance drought tolerance Dry forests Ecology ecoregions Environmental Management Extreme drought fire frequency fire severity fire spread Fires Forest ecosystems Forest fires Forests inventories Landscape Landscape Ecology Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning landscapes Life Sciences Mixed forests Nature Conservation Oregon Pine trees Pinus contorta Pinus ponderosa Pumice Remote sensing Research Article Rotation Sustainable Development Terrestrial ecosystems Timber inventory Tree rings Trees Oregon Landscape patterns of fire severity Dry forest restoration Megafire Ponderosa pine Stand-replacing fire Lodgepole pine
ISSN:	0921-2973, 1572-9761
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Abstract	Context Lack of quantitative observations of extent, frequency, and severity of large historical fires constrains awareness of departure of contemporary conditions from those that demonstrated resistance and resilience to frequent fire and recurring drought. Objectives Compare historical and contemporary fire and forest conditions for a dry forest landscape with few barriers to fire spread. Methods Quantify differences in (1) historical (1700–1918) and contemporary (1985–2015) fire extent, fire rotation, and stand-replacing fire and (2) historical (1914–1924) and contemporary (2012) forest structure and composition. Data include 85,750-ha tree-ring reconstruction of fire frequency and extent; > 375,000-ha timber inventory following > 78,900-ha fires in 1918; and remotely-sensed maps of contemporary fire effects and forest conditions. Results Historically, fires > 20,000 ha occurred every 9.5 years; fire rotation was 14.9 years; seven fires > 40,469 ha occurred during extreme drought (PDSI < − 4.0); and stand-replacing fire occurred primarily in lodgepole ( Pinus contorta var. murrayana ). In contemporary fires, only 5% of the ecoregion burned in 30 years, and stand-replacing fire occurred primarily in ponderosa ( Pinus ponderosa ) and mixed-conifer. Historically, density of conifers > 15 cm dbh exceeded 120 trees/ha on < 5% of the area compared to 95% currently. Conclusions Frequent, large, low-severity fires historically maintained open-canopy ponderosa and mixed-conifer forests in which large fire- and drought-tolerant trees were prevalent. Stand-replacing patches in ponderosa and mixed-conifer were rare, even in fires > 40,469 ha (minimum size of contemporary “megafires”) during extreme drought. In this frequent-fire landscape, mixed-severity fire historically influenced lodgepole and adjacent forests. Lack of large, frequent, low-severity fires degrades contemporary forest ecosystems.
AbstractList	ContextLack of quantitative observations of extent, frequency, and severity of large historical fires constrains awareness of departure of contemporary conditions from those that demonstrated resistance and resilience to frequent fire and recurring drought.ObjectivesCompare historical and contemporary fire and forest conditions for a dry forest landscape with few barriers to fire spread.MethodsQuantify differences in (1) historical (1700–1918) and contemporary (1985–2015) fire extent, fire rotation, and stand-replacing fire and (2) historical (1914–1924) and contemporary (2012) forest structure and composition. Data include 85,750-ha tree-ring reconstruction of fire frequency and extent; > 375,000-ha timber inventory following > 78,900-ha fires in 1918; and remotely-sensed maps of contemporary fire effects and forest conditions.ResultsHistorically, fires > 20,000 ha occurred every 9.5 years; fire rotation was 14.9 years; seven fires > 40,469 ha occurred during extreme drought (PDSI < − 4.0); and stand-replacing fire occurred primarily in lodgepole (Pinus contorta var. murrayana). In contemporary fires, only 5% of the ecoregion burned in 30 years, and stand-replacing fire occurred primarily in ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) and mixed-conifer. Historically, density of conifers > 15 cm dbh exceeded 120 trees/ha on < 5% of the area compared to 95% currently.ConclusionsFrequent, large, low-severity fires historically maintained open-canopy ponderosa and mixed-conifer forests in which large fire- and drought-tolerant trees were prevalent. Stand-replacing patches in ponderosa and mixed-conifer were rare, even in fires > 40,469 ha (minimum size of contemporary “megafires”) during extreme drought. In this frequent-fire landscape, mixed-severity fire historically influenced lodgepole and adjacent forests. Lack of large, frequent, low-severity fires degrades contemporary forest ecosystems. Context Lack of quantitative observations of extent, frequency, and severity of large historical fires constrains awareness of departure of contemporary conditions from those that demonstrated resistance and resilience to frequent fire and recurring drought. Objectives Compare historical and contemporary fire and forest conditions for a dry forest landscape with few barriers to fire spread. Methods Quantify differences in (1) historical (1700–1918) and contemporary (1985–2015) fire extent, fire rotation, and stand-replacing fire and (2) historical (1914–1924) and contemporary (2012) forest structure and composition. Data include 85,750-ha tree-ring reconstruction of fire frequency and extent; > 375,000-ha timber inventory following > 78,900-ha fires in 1918; and remotely-sensed maps of contemporary fire effects and forest conditions. Results Historically, fires > 20,000 ha occurred every 9.5 years; fire rotation was 14.9 years; seven fires > 40,469 ha occurred during extreme drought (PDSI < − 4.0); and stand-replacing fire occurred primarily in lodgepole ( Pinus contorta var. murrayana ). In contemporary fires, only 5% of the ecoregion burned in 30 years, and stand-replacing fire occurred primarily in ponderosa ( Pinus ponderosa ) and mixed-conifer. Historically, density of conifers > 15 cm dbh exceeded 120 trees/ha on < 5% of the area compared to 95% currently. Conclusions Frequent, large, low-severity fires historically maintained open-canopy ponderosa and mixed-conifer forests in which large fire- and drought-tolerant trees were prevalent. Stand-replacing patches in ponderosa and mixed-conifer were rare, even in fires > 40,469 ha (minimum size of contemporary “megafires”) during extreme drought. In this frequent-fire landscape, mixed-severity fire historically influenced lodgepole and adjacent forests. Lack of large, frequent, low-severity fires degrades contemporary forest ecosystems. CONTEXT: Lack of quantitative observations of extent, frequency, and severity of large historical fires constrains awareness of departure of contemporary conditions from those that demonstrated resistance and resilience to frequent fire and recurring drought. OBJECTIVES: Compare historical and contemporary fire and forest conditions for a dry forest landscape with few barriers to fire spread. METHODS: Quantify differences in (1) historical (1700–1918) and contemporary (1985–2015) fire extent, fire rotation, and stand-replacing fire and (2) historical (1914–1924) and contemporary (2012) forest structure and composition. Data include 85,750-ha tree-ring reconstruction of fire frequency and extent; > 375,000-ha timber inventory following > 78,900-ha fires in 1918; and remotely-sensed maps of contemporary fire effects and forest conditions. RESULTS: Historically, fires > 20,000 ha occurred every 9.5 years; fire rotation was 14.9 years; seven fires > 40,469 ha occurred during extreme drought (PDSI < − 4.0); and stand-replacing fire occurred primarily in lodgepole (Pinus contorta var. murrayana). In contemporary fires, only 5% of the ecoregion burned in 30 years, and stand-replacing fire occurred primarily in ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) and mixed-conifer. Historically, density of conifers > 15 cm dbh exceeded 120 trees/ha on < 5% of the area compared to 95% currently. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent, large, low-severity fires historically maintained open-canopy ponderosa and mixed-conifer forests in which large fire- and drought-tolerant trees were prevalent. Stand-replacing patches in ponderosa and mixed-conifer were rare, even in fires > 40,469 ha (minimum size of contemporary “megafires”) during extreme drought. In this frequent-fire landscape, mixed-severity fire historically influenced lodgepole and adjacent forests. Lack of large, frequent, low-severity fires degrades contemporary forest ecosystems.
Author	Merschel, Andrew G. Reilly, Matthew J. Hagmann, R. Keala
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Keywords	Landscape patterns of fire severity Dry forest restoration Megafire Ponderosa pine Stand-replacing fire Lodgepole pine
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Landscape Ecol2018337119511209 CarlsonGTSoil resource inventory: Winema National Forest1979Pacific Northwest RegionUSDA Forest Service HolmesRLProgram COFECHA User’s Manual1983TucsonLaboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona DeurD“A caretaker responsibility”: revisiting Klamath and Modoc traditions of plant community managementJ Ethnobiol200929296322 JohnstonJDBaileyJDDunnCJLindsayAAHistorical fire-climate relationships in contrasting interior Pacific Northwest forest typesFire Ecol2017131836 HeyerdahlEKLoehmanRAFalkDAMixed-severity fire in lodgepole pine dominated forests: are historical regimes sustainable on Oregon’s Pumice Plateau, USA?Can J For Res201444593603 HagmannRKStevensJTLydersenJMCollinsBMBattlesJJHessburgPFLevineCRMerschelAGStephensSLTaylorAHFranklinJFJohnsonDLJohnsonKNImproving the use of early timber inventories in reconstructing historical dry forests and fire in the western United StatesEcosphere20189e02232 Elliott FA (1914) State Board of Forestry Map of the State of Oregon, compiled by Theodore Rowland under the direction of F.A. Elliott, State Forester StephensSLCollinsBMBiberEFuléPZUS federal fire and forest policy: emphasizing resilience in dry forestsEcosphere201610.1002/ecs2.1584 HessburgPFChurchillDJLarsonAJHaugoRDMillerCSpiesTANorthMPPovakNABeloteRTSingletonPHRestoring fire-prone Inland Pacific landscapes: seven core principlesLandscape Ecol20153018051835 StuartJDAgeeJKGaraRILodgepole pine regeneration in an old, self-perpetuating forest in south central OregonCan J For Res19891910961104 CowlinRWBrieglebPAMoravetsFLForest resources of the ponderosa pine region of Washington and Oregon1942Washington, DCUSDA Forest Service JamesDGSeymourLJamesTSPopulation biology and behavior of the imperiled Philotiella leona (Lycaenidae) in South Central OregonJ Lepid Soc201468264273 Spies TA, Hessburg PF, Skinner CN, Puettmann, KJ, Reilly, MJ, Davis, RJ, Kertis, JA, Long, JW, Shaw, DC (2018) Chapter 3: Old growth, disturbance, forest succession, and management in the area of the Northwest Forest Plan. 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Snippet	Context Lack of quantitative observations of extent, frequency, and severity of large historical fires constrains awareness of departure of contemporary... ContextLack of quantitative observations of extent, frequency, and severity of large historical fires constrains awareness of departure of contemporary... CONTEXT: Lack of quantitative observations of extent, frequency, and severity of large historical fires constrains awareness of departure of contemporary...
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SubjectTerms	Biomedical and Life Sciences Composition Coniferous forests Coniferous trees Conifers dendroclimatology Drought Drought resistance drought tolerance Dry forests Ecology ecoregions Environmental Management Extreme drought fire frequency fire severity fire spread Fires Forest ecosystems Forest fires Forests inventories Landscape Landscape Ecology Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning landscapes Life Sciences Mixed forests Nature Conservation Oregon Pine trees Pinus contorta Pinus ponderosa Pumice Remote sensing Research Article Rotation Sustainable Development Terrestrial ecosystems Timber inventory Tree rings Trees
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Title	Historical patterns of fire severity and forest structure and composition in a landscape structured by frequent large fires: Pumice Plateau ecoregion, Oregon, USA
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