The “Hidden Urbanization”: Trends of Impervious Surface in Low-Density Housing Developments and Resulting Impacts on the Water Balance

Land consumption through expansive urbanization is a major obstacle towards sustainable development. In reaction, sustainability strategies and goals on national, supranational and global scale frequently include the target of slowing land consumption. The success of such strategies and goals is com...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Frontiers in environmental science Jg. 7
Hauptverfasser:	Strohbach, Michael W., Döring, Anneke O., Möck, Malte, Sedrez, Maycon, Mumm, Olaf, Schneider, Anne-Kathrin, Weber, Stephan, Schröder, Boris
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Lausanne Frontiers Research Foundation 15.03.2019 Frontiers Media S.A
Schlagworte:	Agricultural land Climate change Digitization Environmental impact Environmental science Evaporation Evaporation rate Floods Housing Housing developments hydrological modeling impervious surface Indicators infiltration Infiltration rate Infrastructure land consumption Planning Population decline Population growth Residential areas Residential density Residential development Runoff Soil types Stormwater management Surface runoff Sustainability Sustainable design Sustainable development Trends Urbanization Water balance Germany
ISSN:	2296-665X, 2296-665X
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Abstract	Land consumption through expansive urbanization is a major obstacle towards sustainable development. In reaction, sustainability strategies and goals on national, supranational and global scale frequently include the target of slowing land consumption. The success of such strategies and goals is commonly measured with indicators that track the conversion of open space (e.g., forests and farmland) into built-up space. A process generally hidden from such indicators is the loss of pervious surface at the fine scale within residential areas, but evidence from case studies suggests that this process can be quite substantial. In this article, we studied this phenomenon from a slightly different angle by comparing the anticipated and actual impervious surface of residential areas. In order to do so, we compared development plans (i.e., the legally binding documents that steer building in Germany) with the actual implementation. We selected eight development plans of low-density (single-family) housing (PLAN), which were digitized along with the actual implementation visible on 2016 orthophotos (STATUS QUO). All sites but one showed a relative increase between 8 and 56% of impervious surface from PLAN to STATUS QUO. We then modelled the environmental impacts of these changes, using the local water balance as an illustrative example. For all sites with an increase of impervious cover, infiltration rates decreased by 4 to 19%, evaporation rates increased by 0.2 to 1% and surface runoff increased by 4 to 18%. The more impervious surface, the stronger the effect, but it also depended on soil type and modelled rain intensity. Our results point to a gap between planning and real-world outcomes and they underline the environmental consequences, illustrated by effects on the water balance. In order to prevent hidden urbanization, we suggest that more emphasis should be put on integrated sustainable design and monitoring of the real-world results.
AbstractList	Land consumption through expansive urbanization is a major obstacle towards sustainable development. In reaction, sustainability strategies and goals on national, supranational and global scale frequently include the target of slowing land consumption. The success of such strategies and goals is commonly measured with indicators that track the conversion of open space (e.g., forests and farmland) into built-up space. A process generally hidden from such indicators is the loss of pervious surface at the fine scale within residential areas, but evidence from case studies suggests that this process can be quite substantial. In this article, we studied this phenomenon from a slightly different angle by comparing the anticipated and actual impervious surface of residential areas. In order to do so, we compared development plans (i.e., the legally binding documents that steer building in Germany) with the actual implementation. We selected eight development plans of low-density (single-family) housing (PLAN), which were digitized along with the actual implementation visible on 2016 orthophotos (STATUS QUO). All sites but one showed a relative increase between 8 and 56% of impervious surface from PLAN to STATUS QUO. We then modelled the environmental impacts of these changes, using the local water balance as an illustrative example. For all sites with an increase of impervious cover, infiltration rates decreased by 4 to 19%, evaporation rates increased by 0.2 to 1% and surface runoff increased by 4 to 18%. The more impervious surface, the stronger the effect, but it also depended on soil type and modelled rain intensity. Our results point to a gap between planning and real-world outcomes and they underline the environmental consequences, illustrated by effects on the water balance. In order to prevent hidden urbanization, we suggest that more emphasis should be put on integrated sustainable design and monitoring of the real-world results. Impervious surface is an important factor for the ecological performance of the built environment, in particular for the water balance. Therefore, the rainwater drainage infrastructure of new housing developments is planned according to the expected amount of impervious surface and the resulting surface runoff. Drainage infrastructure could be overwhelmed, however, due to small, dispersed, and often overlooked increases in impervious surface cover, a process we refer to as “hidden urbanization.” There is some evidence that impervious surface cover in housing areas has increased significantly over decades, but is there also a gap between planning and implementation? In order to find out, we compared eight development plans (i.e., the legally binding documents that steer building in Germany) of low-density (single-family) housing with the actual status-quo extracted from 2016 orthophotos. All sites are located in Lower Saxony, Germany; four are close to major urban centers and four are in small municipalities. We then modeled the local water balance for the plans and status-quo and compared results. All sites but one showed a relative increase between 8 and 56% of impervious surface, comparing plans with status-quo. For all sites with an increase of impervious cover, infiltration rates decreased by 4–19%, evaporation rates increased by 0.2–1% and surface runoff increased by 4–18%. In general, the more impervious surface, the stronger the effect. Our results point to a gap between planning and implementation and they underline the environmental consequences, illustrated by effects on the water balance. In order to prevent “hidden urbanization,” we suggest that more emphasis should be put on integrated design of housing areas and monitoring of impervious surface cover.
Author	Weber, Stephan Strohbach, Michael W. Sedrez, Maycon Schneider, Anne-Kathrin Mumm, Olaf Möck, Malte Schröder, Boris Döring, Anneke O.
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Title	The “Hidden Urbanization”: Trends of Impervious Surface in Low-Density Housing Developments and Resulting Impacts on the Water Balance
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