Examining the Impact of Minimum Handgun Purchase Age and Background Check Legislation on Young Adult Suicide in the United States, 1991–2020
Objectives. To examine the independent and joint effects of state legislation on minimum age for purchasing handguns and background checks on the suicide of young adults aged 18 to 20 years. Methods. We used negative binomial regressions with fixed effects for year and generalized estimating equatio...
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| Vydané v: | American journal of public health (1971) Ročník 114; číslo 8; s. 805 - 813 |
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| Jazyk: | English |
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United States
American Public Health Association
01.08.2024
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| Abstract | Objectives. To examine the independent and joint effects of state legislation on minimum age for purchasing handguns and background checks on the suicide of young adults aged 18 to 20 years.
Methods. We used negative binomial regressions with fixed effects for year and generalized estimating equations for state to estimate the effects of state legislation on annual counts of firearm, nonfirearm, and total young adult suicides in all 50 US states from 1991 to 2020.
Results. Minimum age laws decreased the incidence rate of firearm suicide among young adults, an effect that was amplified in states with permit to purchase laws; there was no effect on the nonfirearm or total suicide rate. Permit to purchase laws significantly decreased the young adult firearm suicide incidence rate by 39% (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51, 0.74) and the overall suicide incidence rate by 14% (IRR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.75, 0.99), with no effect on the nonfirearm suicide rate.
Conclusions. Permit to purchase laws are a more promising avenue for reducing young adult suicides than are age-based restrictions. ( Am J Public Health. 2024;114(8):805–813. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307689 ) |
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| AbstractList | Objectives. To examine the independent and joint effects of state legislation on minimum age for purchasing handguns and background checks on the suicide of young adults aged 18 to 20years. Methods.We used negative binomial regressions with fixed effects for year and generalized estimating equations for state to estimate the effects of state legislation on annual counts of firearm, non firearm, and total young adult suicides in all 50 US states from 1991 to 2020. Results. Minimum age laws decreased the incidence rate of firearm suicide among young adults, an effect that was amplified in states with permit to purchase laws; there was no effect on the non firearm or total suicide rate. Permit to purchase laws significantly decreased the young adult firearm suicide incidence rate by 39% (incidence rate ratio [IRR]50.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]50.51, 0.74) and the overall suicide incidence rate by 14% (IRR50.86; 95% CI50.75, 0.99), with no effect on the non firearm suicide rate. Conclusions. Permit to purchase laws are a more promising avenue for reducing young adult suicides than are age-based restrictions. Objectives. To examine the independent and joint effects of state legislation on minimum age for purchasing handguns and background checks on the suicide of young adults aged 18 to 20 years. Methods. We used negative binomial regressions with fixed effects for year and generalized estimating equations for state to estimate the effects of state legislation on annual counts of firearm, nonfirearm, and total young adult suicides in all 50 US states from 1991 to 2020. Results. Minimum age laws decreased the incidence rate of firearm suicide among young adults, an effect that was amplified in states with permit to purchase laws; there was no effect on the nonfirearm or total suicide rate. Permit to purchase laws significantly decreased the young adult firearm suicide incidence rate by 39% (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51, 0.74) and the overall suicide incidence rate by 14% (IRR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.75, 0.99), with no effect on the nonfirearm suicide rate. Conclusions. Permit to purchase laws are a more promising avenue for reducing young adult suicides than are age-based restrictions. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(8):805–813. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307689) To examine the independent and joint effects of state legislation on minimum age for purchasing handguns and background checks on the suicide of young adults aged 18 to 20 years. We used negative binomial regressions with fixed effects for year and generalized estimating equations for state to estimate the effects of state legislation on annual counts of firearm, nonfirearm, and total young adult suicides in all 50 US states from 1991 to 2020. Minimum age laws decreased the incidence rate of firearm suicide among young adults, an effect that was amplified in states with permit to purchase laws; there was no effect on the nonfirearm or total suicide rate. Permit to purchase laws significantly decreased the young adult firearm suicide incidence rate by 39% (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51, 0.74) and the overall suicide incidence rate by 14% (IRR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.75, 0.99), with no effect on the nonfirearm suicide rate. Permit to purchase laws are a more promising avenue for reducing young adult suicides than are age-based restrictions. ( . 2024;114(8):805-813. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307689). Objectives. To examine the independent and joint effects of state legislation on minimum age for purchasing handguns and background checks on the suicide of young adults aged 18 to 20 years. Methods. We used negative binomial regressions with fixed effects for year and generalized estimating equations for state to estimate the effects of state legislation on annual counts of firearm, nonfirearm, and total young adult suicides in all 50 US states from 1991 to 2020. Results. Minimum age laws decreased the incidence rate of firearm suicide among young adults, an effect that was amplified in states with permit to purchase laws; there was no effect on the nonfirearm or total suicide rate. Permit to purchase laws significantly decreased the young adult firearm suicide incidence rate by 39% (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51, 0.74) and the overall suicide incidence rate by 14% (IRR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.75, 0.99), with no effect on the nonfirearm suicide rate. Conclusions. Permit to purchase laws are a more promising avenue for reducing young adult suicides than are age-based restrictions. ( Am J Public Health. 2024;114(8):805–813. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307689 ) Objectives. To examine the independent and joint effects of state legislation on minimum age for purchasing handguns and background checks on the suicide of young adults aged 18 to 20 years. Methods. We used negative binomial regressions with fixed effects for year and generalized estimating equations for state to estimate the effects of state legislation on annual counts of firearm, nonfirearm, and total young adult suicides in all 50 US states from 1991 to 2020. Results. Minimum age laws decreased the incidence rate of firearm suicide among young adults, an effect that was amplified in states with permit to purchase laws; there was no effect on the nonfirearm or total suicide rate. Permit to purchase laws significantly decreased the young adult firearm suicide incidence rate by 39% (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51, 0.74) and the overall suicide incidence rate by 14% (IRR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.75, 0.99), with no effect on the nonfirearm suicide rate. Conclusions. Permit to purchase laws are a more promising avenue for reducing young adult suicides than are age-based restrictions. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(8):805-813. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307689).Objectives. To examine the independent and joint effects of state legislation on minimum age for purchasing handguns and background checks on the suicide of young adults aged 18 to 20 years. Methods. We used negative binomial regressions with fixed effects for year and generalized estimating equations for state to estimate the effects of state legislation on annual counts of firearm, nonfirearm, and total young adult suicides in all 50 US states from 1991 to 2020. Results. Minimum age laws decreased the incidence rate of firearm suicide among young adults, an effect that was amplified in states with permit to purchase laws; there was no effect on the nonfirearm or total suicide rate. Permit to purchase laws significantly decreased the young adult firearm suicide incidence rate by 39% (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51, 0.74) and the overall suicide incidence rate by 14% (IRR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.75, 0.99), with no effect on the nonfirearm suicide rate. Conclusions. Permit to purchase laws are a more promising avenue for reducing young adult suicides than are age-based restrictions. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(8):805-813. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307689). |
| Author | Zimmerman, Gregory M. Fridel, Emma E. Arrigo, Shayna R. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Emma E. orcidid: 0000-0001-9346-2156 surname: Fridel fullname: Fridel, Emma E. organization: Emma E. Fridel and Shayna R. Arrigo are with the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee. Gregory M. Zimmerman is with the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA – sequence: 2 givenname: Gregory M. surname: Zimmerman fullname: Zimmerman, Gregory M. organization: Emma E. Fridel and Shayna R. Arrigo are with the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee. Gregory M. Zimmerman is with the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA – sequence: 3 givenname: Shayna R. surname: Arrigo fullname: Arrigo, Shayna R. organization: Emma E. Fridel and Shayna R. Arrigo are with the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee. Gregory M. Zimmerman is with the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38870430$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.07.013 10.1007/s11524-018-0273-3 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409 10.1016/j.soscij.2015.01.003 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305808 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00576 10.1023/B:JOQC.0000016699.11995.c7 10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.044 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305822 10.4088/JCP.07m03904 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000838 10.1001/jama.292.5.594 10.1093/biomet/73.1.13 10.1136/bmj.m2436 10.7249/TL354 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.011 10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.10.022 10.1111/sltb.12713 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24920 10.1111/1467-9531.00117 10.2105/AJPH.2017.304057 10.1136/ip.2004.007062 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.015 10.1007/s10865-019-00063-y 10.1086/323314 10.1007/s11524-023-00739-6 |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 E. E. Fridel conceptualized the study, cleaned the data, conducted the analyses, and wrote the article. G. M. Zimmerman interpreted the analyses and wrote the article. S. R Arrigo obtained and cleaned the data. All authors critically reviewed and commented on the article. CONTRIBUTORS |
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| References | bib14 bib15 bib12 bib10 bib32 bib11 bib30 bib31 Arain M (bib4) 2013; 9 bib29 bib27 bib28 bib25 bib26 bib23 bib24 bib21 bib20 bib9 bib7 bib8 Siegel M. (bib13) 2020 bib5 bib18 bib6 bib19 bib16 bib17 Nestadt PS (bib22) 2020; 7 |
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| Title | Examining the Impact of Minimum Handgun Purchase Age and Background Check Legislation on Young Adult Suicide in the United States, 1991–2020 |
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