Energy-Efficient Hybrid Symbol-Level Precoding for Large-Scale mmWave Multiuser MIMO Systems
We address the symbol-level precoding design problem for the downlink of a multiuser millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless system where the transmitter is equipped with a large-scale antenna array. The high cost and power consumption associated with the massive use...
Uloženo v:
| Vydáno v: | IEEE transactions on communications Ročník 69; číslo 5; s. 3119 - 3134 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autoři: | , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
New York
IEEE
01.05.2021
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 0090-6778, 1558-0857, 1558-0857 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
| Tagy: |
Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
|
| Abstract | We address the symbol-level precoding design problem for the downlink of a multiuser millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless system where the transmitter is equipped with a large-scale antenna array. The high cost and power consumption associated with the massive use of radio frequency (RF) chains prohibit fully-digital implementation of the precoder, and therefore, we consider a hybrid analog-digital architecture where a small-sized baseband precoder is followed by two successive networks of analog on-off switches and variable phase shifters according to a fully-connected structure. We jointly optimize the digital baseband precoder and the states of the switching network on a symbol-level basis, i.e., by exploiting both the channel state information (CSI) and the instantaneous data symbols, whereas the phase-shifting network is designed only based on the CSI due to practical considerations. Our approach to this joint optimization is to minimize the Euclidean distance between the optimal fully-digital and the hybrid symbol-level precoders. Remarkably, the use of a switching network allows for power-savings in the analog precoder by switching some of the phase shifters off according to the instantaneously optimized states of the switches. Our numerical results indicate that, on average, up to 50 percent of the phase shifters can be switched off. We provide an analysis of energy efficiency by adopting appropriate power dissipation models for the analog precoder, where it is shown that the energy efficiency of precoding can substantially be improved thanks to the phase shifter selection approach, compared to the fully-digital and the state-of-the-art hybrid symbol-level schemes. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | We address the symbol-level precoding design problem for the downlink of a multiuser millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless system where the transmitter is equipped with a large-scale antenna array. The high cost and power consumption associated with the massive use of radio frequency (RF) chains prohibit fully-digital implementation of the precoder, and therefore, we consider a hybrid analog-digital architecture where a small-sized baseband precoder is followed by two successive networks of analog on-off switches and variable phase shifters according to a fully-connected structure. We jointly optimize the digital baseband precoder and the states of the switching network on a symbol-level basis, i.e., by exploiting both the channel state information (CSI) and the instantaneous data symbols, whereas the phase-shifting network is designed only based on the CSI due to practical considerations. Our approach to this joint optimization is to minimize the Euclidean distance between the optimal fully-digital and the hybrid symbol-level precoders. Remarkably, the use of a switching network allows for power-savings in the analog precoder by switching some of the phase shifters off according to the instantaneously optimized states of the switches. Our numerical results indicate that, on average, up to 50 percent of the phase shifters can be switched off. We provide an analysis of energy efficiency by adopting appropriate power dissipation models for the analog precoder, where it is shown that the energy efficiency of precoding can substantially be improved thanks to the phase shifter selection approach, compared to the fully-digital and the state-of-the-art hybrid symbol-level schemes. |
| Author | Haqiqatnejad, Alireza Kayhan, Farbod Ottersten, Bjorn |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Alireza orcidid: 0000-0002-0881-2543 surname: Haqiqatnejad fullname: Haqiqatnejad, Alireza email: alireza.haqiqatnejad@uni.lu organization: Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg – sequence: 2 givenname: Farbod surname: Kayhan fullname: Kayhan, Farbod email: f.kayhan@surrey.ac.uk organization: Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg – sequence: 3 givenname: Bjorn orcidid: 0000-0003-2298-6774 surname: Ottersten fullname: Ottersten, Bjorn email: bjorn.ottersten@uni.lu organization: Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg |
| BackLink | https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294979$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan) |
| BookMark | eNp9kE1vEzEQQC1UJNLCH4DLSpwdvP5Y28cqpLRSVkFqgQuS5XXGwWV3HWxvUf49W1L1wIHTXN6bGb1zdDbGERB6W5NlXRP94W61bdslJbReMiKUbuQLtKiFUJgoIc_QghBNcCOleoXOc74nhHDC2AJ9X4-Q9ke89j64AGOpro9dCrvq9jh0sccbeIC--pzAxV0Y95WPqdrYtAd862wP1TB8sw9QtVNfwpQhVe1Nu53lXGDIr9FLb_sMb57mBfpytb5bXePN9tPN6nKDHZOyYE12QhMiO8k6p0AQp92uodApzwGsBc8lWK65p9K7puEdrZ21RPJGu8bX7ALh0978Gw5TZw4pDDYdTbTBfAxfL01Me_Oz_DBUcy31zL8_8YcUf02Qi7mPUxrnFw0VVGneMCVnip4ol2LOCfzz3pqYx-rmb3XzWN08VZ8l9Y_kQrElxLEkG_r_q-9OagCA51uaCSakZH8A5eWSoQ |
| CODEN | IECMBT |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1109_LWC_2022_3193384 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2024_3498953 crossref_primary_10_1049_cmu2_12457 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSYST_2021_3139991 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCCN_2024_3415620 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13638_022_02150_2 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2023_3290845 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_comnet_2024_110459 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_phycom_2023_102067 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2042415 10.1109/LWC.2014.2363831 10.1109/TSP.2015.2404302 10.1109/TWC.2015.2455980 10.1109/TSP.2005.850331 10.1109/LWC.2018.2846221 10.1109/TWC.2014.011714.130846 10.1109/TWC.2018.2885525 10.23919/EUSIPCO.2018.8553509 10.1017/CBO9780511804441 10.1137/1.9780898718829 10.1109/TSP.2019.2911255 10.1155/2007/78907 10.1109/JSSC.2011.2118110 10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2824762 10.1109/LSP.2018.2808460 10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2723000 10.1109/TMTT.2014.2354017 10.1109/TSP.2015.2430839 10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736752 10.1090/conm/636/12735 10.1007/s10957-004-5154-0 10.1109/TWC.2005.853882 10.1109/TSP.2018.2872823 10.1109/TWC.2016.2599526 10.1109/SAM.2018.8448852 10.1002/9780470742969 10.1109/TVT.2017.2670638 10.1109/JSTSP.2014.2334278 10.1109/TCOMM.2013.090513.120848 10.1109/TSP.2008.924638 10.1109/WCSP.2018.8555527 10.1137/0916069 10.1109/49.995521 10.1109/TCOMM.2004.840638 10.1109/JSTSP.2007.897057 10.1109/LCOMM.2019.2927212 10.1109/MCOM.2011.5783993 10.1049/ecej:19970204 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2514261 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600400 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2021 |
| DBID | 97E ESBDL RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M ADTPV AFDQA AOWAS D8T D8V ZZAVC |
| DOI | 10.1109/TCOMM.2021.3058967 |
| DatabaseName | IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present IEEE Xplore Open Access Journals IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE/IET Electronic Library (IEL) (UW System Shared) CrossRef Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace SwePub SWEPUB Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan full text SwePub Articles SWEPUB Freely available online SWEPUB Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan SwePub Articles full text |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Technology Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Electronics & Communications Abstracts |
| DatabaseTitleList | Technology Research Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE/IET Electronic Library url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1558-0857 |
| EndPage | 3134 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_DiVA_org_kth_294979 10_1109_TCOMM_2021_3058967 9353577 |
| Genre | orig-research |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) under CORE Junior project: C16/IS/11332341 Enhanced Signal Space opTImization for satellite comMunication Systems (ESSTIMS) funderid: 10.13039/501100001866 |
| GroupedDBID | -~X .DC 0R~ 29I 3EH 4.4 5GY 5VS 6IK 85S 97E AAJGR AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABFSI ABQJQ ABVLG ACGFO ACGFS ACIWK ACKIV ACNCT AENEX AETIX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AI. AIBXA AKJIK AKQYR ALLEH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ASUFR ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 DU5 E.L EBS EJD ESBDL HZ~ H~9 IAAWW IBMZZ ICLAB IES IFIPE IFJZH IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 MS~ O9- OCL P2P RIA RIE RNS TAE TN5 VH1 ZCA ZCG AAYXX CITATION 7SP 8FD L7M ADTPV AFDQA AOWAS D8T D8V ZZAVC |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c377t-90d59007b73bc8e50c9cd62eb8f4eeaaef47ea494f27fc664b21caa07469c6f13 |
| IEDL.DBID | RIE |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 11 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000652065300026&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0090-6778 1558-0857 |
| IngestDate | Tue Nov 04 16:26:10 EST 2025 Mon Jun 30 10:18:29 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 04:08:21 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:41:07 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 02:27:37 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 5 |
| Language | English |
| License | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c377t-90d59007b73bc8e50c9cd62eb8f4eeaaef47ea494f27fc664b21caa07469c6f13 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2298-6774 0000-0002-0881-2543 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9353577 |
| PQID | 2528946387 |
| PQPubID | 85472 |
| PageCount | 16 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_primary_10_1109_TCOMM_2021_3058967 proquest_journals_2528946387 crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TCOMM_2021_3058967 swepub_primary_oai_DiVA_org_kth_294979 ieee_primary_9353577 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2021-05-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2021-05-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 05 year: 2021 text: 2021-05-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | New York |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: New York |
| PublicationTitle | IEEE transactions on communications |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | TCOMM |
| PublicationYear | 2021 |
| Publisher | IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Publisher_xml | – name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| References | ref15 ref14 ref10 ref17 ref16 ref19 ref18 kallfass (ref30) 2008 ref51 ref50 ref46 ref45 ref47 ref41 bertsekas (ref44) 1999 ref43 moo lee (ref13) 2013 ref49 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 gao (ref12) 2013 ref6 rappaport (ref37) 2015 ref5 ref40 ref35 ref34 ref36 ref31 ref33 ref32 ref2 ref1 belov (ref26) 2012 ref38 gustavsson (ref48) 2000; 543 ref24 ref23 ref25 ref20 ref22 ref21 ref28 ref27 ayach (ref11) 2012 ref29 yuan (ref42) 2016 smulders (ref39) 1997; 9 |
| References_xml | – start-page: 1453 year: 2008 ident: ref30 article-title: Multiple-throw millimeter-wave FET switches for frequencies from 60 up to 120 GHz publication-title: Proc Eur Microw Integr Circuit Conf – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2042415 – volume: 543 year: 2000 ident: ref48 publication-title: CMOS Data Converters for Communications – start-page: 950 year: 2013 ident: ref13 article-title: An energy efficient antenna selection for large scale green MIMO systems publication-title: Proc IEEE Int Symp Circuits Syst (ISCAS) – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1109/LWC.2014.2363831 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2015.2404302 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2015.2455980 – ident: ref51 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2005.850331 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1109/LWC.2018.2846221 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2014.011714.130846 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2018.2885525 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.23919/EUSIPCO.2018.8553509 – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511804441 – ident: ref47 doi: 10.1137/1.9780898718829 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2019.2911255 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1155/2007/78907 – ident: ref50 doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2011.2118110 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2824762 – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1109/LSP.2018.2808460 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2723000 – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2014.2354017 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2015.2430839 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736752 – ident: ref45 doi: 10.1090/conm/636/12735 – ident: ref43 doi: 10.1007/s10957-004-5154-0 – year: 2012 ident: ref26 publication-title: Handbook of RF Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Components – ident: ref49 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2005.853882 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2018.2872823 – start-page: 100 year: 2012 ident: ref11 article-title: The capacity optimality of beam steering in large millimeter wave MIMO systems publication-title: Proc IEEE 13th Int Workshop Signal Process Adv Wireless Commun (SPAWC) – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1109/TWC.2016.2599526 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1109/SAM.2018.8448852 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1002/9780470742969 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1109/TVT.2017.2670638 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2014.2334278 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2013.090513.120848 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/TSP.2008.924638 – year: 2015 ident: ref37 publication-title: Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1109/WCSP.2018.8555527 – start-page: 129 year: 2013 ident: ref12 article-title: Antenna selection in measured massive MIMO channels using convex optimization publication-title: Proc IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps) – ident: ref46 doi: 10.1137/0916069 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1109/49.995521 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2004.840638 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2007.897057 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2019.2927212 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2011.5783993 – year: 2016 ident: ref42 article-title: Binary optimization via mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints publication-title: arXiv 1608 04425 – volume: 9 start-page: 73 year: 1997 ident: ref39 article-title: characterisation of propagation in 60 ghz radio channels publication-title: Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal doi: 10.1049/ecej:19970204 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2514261 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600400 – year: 1999 ident: ref44 publication-title: Nonlinear Programming |
| SSID | ssj0004033 |
| Score | 2.4415483 |
| Snippet | We address the symbol-level precoding design problem for the downlink of a multiuser millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless... |
| SourceID | swepub proquest crossref ieee |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 3119 |
| SubjectTerms | Antenna arrays Baseband Energy efficiency Euclidean geometry hybrid analog-digital precoding Hybrid power systems massive multiuser MIMO Millimeter waves MIMO communication mmWave communications Optimization phase shifter selection Phase shifters Power consumption Power management Precoding Radio frequency Switches Switching symbol-level precoding Wireless communication |
| Title | Energy-Efficient Hybrid Symbol-Level Precoding for Large-Scale mmWave Multiuser MIMO Systems |
| URI | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9353577 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2528946387 https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294979 |
| Volume | 69 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000652065300026&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE/IET Electronic Library customDbUrl: eissn: 1558-0857 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0004033 issn: 1558-0857 databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 19720101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1bSxwxFD6o9ME-tFZb3NZKHkpfNDqXTDJ5FLui4Krg9aEQckXR3S3uruC_b05mdlUQwZdhYJIh5MvMOSc55_sAfgkebGCO03jRlLnMUe1lQUNd2WihSmPrRmxCHB3VV1fyZA42Z7Uw3vuUfOa38Dad5buhneBW2bYsq7ISYh7mheBNrdZTDWRWtoyTmM4u6mmBTCa3z3aPe70YChb5VokqeklT_skIJVWVlw7mc9LQZGj2Pr9viEvwqXUoyU6zAr7AnB8sw8dnNIMr8LebCvxoN9FFxP5k_xELtcjpY98M7-ghJg6RE4yN0ZKR6MeSQ8wQp6cRQU_6_Uv94Emq1cVNDdI76B2Tluv8K5zvdc9292mrqkBtKcSYysyhUqgwAoHwVWaldbzwpg7Me619YMJrJlkoRLCcM1PkVmvUJZGWh7z8BguD4cCvAjFOmsrkLvoUktncRueT21BKw3TQjrMO5NNpVralHEflizuVQo9MqgSNQmhUC00HNmZ9_jWEG2-2XkEMZi3b6e_A2hRN1X6TI1VUMbhk8X8TH_9uEJ71Q5LtPzcXOyqCqW7H16qQTAr5_fXX_4BFHEST97gGC-P7if8JH-zD-GZ0v57W5X__reFT |
| linkProvider | IEEE |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1bTxQxFD5BNFEf8ALGVdA-GF-0MJfOdPpIYMkSdxYSVuXBpOk1EtldAwsJ_96eTneBxJj4Mplk2knTrzPnnPac7wP4wGtvPLM1DRdFmc0sVU4U1DeVCRaq1KbpxCb4aNScnorjFfi8rIVxzsXkM7eNt_Es387MFW6V7YiyKivOH8BDVM5K1Vq3VZBZmTgnMaGdN4sSmUzsjPeO2jYEg0W-XaKOXlSVvzVDUVflvot5lzY0mpqDZ_83yOewllxKstutgRew4qYv4ekdosF1-NGPJX60HwkjQn8yuMFSLXJyM9GzczrE1CFyjNEx2jISPFkyxBxxehIwdGQy-a6uHYnVuritQdrD9ogktvMN-HrQH-8NaNJVoKbkfE5FZlErlGuOULgqM8LYunC68cw5pZxn3CkmmC-4N3XNdJEbpVCZRJja5-UrWJ3Opu41EG2FrnRug1chmMlNcD9r40uhmfLK1qwH-WKapUmk46h9cS5j8JEJGaGRCI1M0PTg07LP745y45-t1xGDZcs0_T3YXKAp01d5KYsqhJcs_HHC448dwst-SLO9f_ZtVwYw5a_5T1kIJrh48_fXv4fHg3E7lMPD0Ze38AQH1GVBbsLq_OLKbcEjcz0_u7x4F9foH-Jo5Jw |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Energy-Efficient+Hybrid+Symbol-Level+Precoding+for+Large-Scale+mmWave+Multiuser+MIMO+Systems&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+communications&rft.au=Haqiqatnejad%2C+A.&rft.au=Kayhan%2C+F.&rft.au=Ottersten%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft.issn=1558-0857&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=3119&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTCOMM.2021.3058967&rft.externalDocID=oai_DiVA_org_kth_294979 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0090-6778&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0090-6778&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0090-6778&client=summon |