Effects of exurban development on biodiversity: patterns, mechanisms, and research needs

Low-density rural home development is the fastest-growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This "exurban" development ($\sim 6-25 homes/km^2$) includes urban fringe development (UFD) on the periphery of cities and rural residential development (RRD) in rural areas attracti...

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Vydáno v:	Ecological applications Ročník 15; číslo 6; s. 1893 - 1905
Hlavní autoři:	Hansen, A.J, Knight, R.L, Marzluff, J.M, Powell, S, Brown, K, Gude, P.H, Jones, K
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Ecological Society of America 01.12.2005
Témata:	Biodiversity biotic interactions Bird nesting Birds Conservation biology ecological mechanisms environmental impact exurban development fire habitat destruction habitat fragmentation Invited Feature: Land-Use Change in Rural America land cover Land development land management Land use land use change landscape management Landscapes Montana Public land rural areas rural residential development Species species diversity suburban areas United States Urban ecology urban fringe development urbanization Washington weeds United States Montana Washington USA
ISSN:	1051-0761, 1939-5582
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Abstract	Low-density rural home development is the fastest-growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This "exurban" development ($\sim 6-25 homes/km^2$) includes urban fringe development (UFD) on the periphery of cities and rural residential development (RRD) in rural areas attractive in natural amenities. This paper synthesizes current knowledge on the effects of UFD and RRD. We present two case studies and examine the patterns of biodiversity response and the ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses. We found that many native species have reduced survival and reproduction near homes, and native species richness often drops with increased exurban densities. Exotic species, some human-adapted native species, and species from early successional stages often increase with exurban development. These relationships are sometimes nonlinear, with sharp thresholds in biodiversity response. These effects may be manifest for several decades following exurban development, so that biodiversity is likely still responding to the wave of exurban expansion that has occurred since 1950. The location of exurban development is often nonrandom relative to biodiversity because both are influenced by biophysical factors. Consequently, the effects on biodiversity may be disproportionately large relative to the area of exurban development. RRD is more likely than UFD to occur near public lands; hence it may have a larger influence on nature reserves and wilderness species. The ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses involve alteration of habitat, ecological processes, biotic interactions, and increased human disturbance. Research on the patterns and mechanisms of biodiversity remains underdeveloped, and comparative and experimental studies are needed. Knowledge resulting from such studies will increase our ability to understand, manage, and mitigate negative impacts on biodiversity.
AbstractList	Low‐density rural home development is the fastest‐growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This “exurban” development (∼6–25 homes/km2) includes urban fringe development (UFD) on the periphery of cities and rural residential development (RRD) in rural areas attractive in natural amenities. This paper synthesizes current knowledge on the effects of UFD and RRD. We present two case studies and examine the patterns of biodiversity response and the ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses. We found that many native species have reduced survival and reproduction near homes, and native species richness often drops with increased exurban densities. Exotic species, some human‐adapted native species, and species from early successional stages often increase with exurban development. These relationships are sometimes nonlinear, with sharp thresholds in biodiversity response. These effects may be manifest for several decades following exurban development, so that biodiversity is likely still responding to the wave of exurban expansion that has occurred since 1950. The location of exurban development is often nonrandom relative to biodiversity because both are influenced by biophysical factors. Consequently, the effects on biodiversity may be disproportionately large relative to the area of exurban development. RRD is more likely than UFD to occur near public lands; hence it may have a larger influence on nature reserves and wilderness species. The ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses involve alteration of habitat, ecological processes, biotic interactions, and increased human disturbance. Research on the patterns and mechanisms of biodiversity remains underdeveloped, and comparative and experimental studies are needed. Knowledge resulting from such studies will increase our ability to understand, manage, and mitigate negative impacts on biodiversity. Low-density rural home development is the fastest-growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This "exurban" development ( similar to 6-25 homes/km super(2)) includes urban fringe development (UFD) on the periphery of cities and rural residential development (RRD) in rural areas attractive in natural amenities. This paper synthesizes current knowledge on the effects of UFD and RRD. We present two case studies and examine the patterns of biodiversity response and the ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses. We found that many native species have reduced survival and reproduction near homes, and native species richness often drops with increased exurban densities. Exotic species, some human-adapted native species, and species from early successional stages often increase with exurban development. These relationships are sometimes nonlinear, with sharp thresholds in biodiversity response. These effects may be manifest for several decades following exurban development, so that biodiversity is likely still responding to the wave of exurban expansion that has occurred since 1950. The location of exurban development is often nonrandom relative to biodiversity because both are influenced by biophysical factors. Consequently, the effects on biodiversity may be disproportionately large relative to the area of exurban development. RRD is more likely than UFD to occur near public lands; hence it may have a larger influence on nature reserves and wilderness species. The ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses involve alteration of habitat, ecological processes, biotic interactions, and increased human disturbance. Research on the patterns and mechanisms of biodiversity remains underdeveloped, and comparative and experimental studies are needed. Knowledge resulting from such studies will increase our ability to understand, manage, and mitigate negative impacts on biodiversity. Low‐density rural home development is the fastest‐growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This “exurban” development (∼6–25 homes/km²) includes urban fringe development (UFD) on the periphery of cities and rural residential development (RRD) in rural areas attractive in natural amenities. This paper synthesizes current knowledge on the effects of UFD and RRD. We present two case studies and examine the patterns of biodiversity response and the ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses. We found that many native species have reduced survival and reproduction near homes, and native species richness often drops with increased exurban densities. Exotic species, some human‐adapted native species, and species from early successional stages often increase with exurban development. These relationships are sometimes nonlinear, with sharp thresholds in biodiversity response. These effects may be manifest for several decades following exurban development, so that biodiversity is likely still responding to the wave of exurban expansion that has occurred since 1950. The location of exurban development is often nonrandom relative to biodiversity because both are influenced by biophysical factors. Consequently, the effects on biodiversity may be disproportionately large relative to the area of exurban development. RRD is more likely than UFD to occur near public lands; hence it may have a larger influence on nature reserves and wilderness species. The ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses involve alteration of habitat, ecological processes, biotic interactions, and increased human disturbance. Research on the patterns and mechanisms of biodiversity remains underdeveloped, and comparative and experimental studies are needed. Knowledge resulting from such studies will increase our ability to understand, manage, and mitigate negative impacts on biodiversity. Low-density rural home development is the fastest-growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This "exurban" development ($\sim 6-25 homes/km^2$) includes urban fringe development (UFD) on the periphery of cities and rural residential development (RRD) in rural areas attractive in natural amenities. This paper synthesizes current knowledge on the effects of UFD and RRD. We present two case studies and examine the patterns of biodiversity response and the ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses. We found that many native species have reduced survival and reproduction near homes, and native species richness often drops with increased exurban densities. Exotic species, some human-adapted native species, and species from early successional stages often increase with exurban development. These relationships are sometimes nonlinear, with sharp thresholds in biodiversity response. These effects may be manifest for several decades following exurban development, so that biodiversity is likely still responding to the wave of exurban expansion that has occurred since 1950. The location of exurban development is often nonrandom relative to biodiversity because both are influenced by biophysical factors. Consequently, the effects on biodiversity may be disproportionately large relative to the area of exurban development. RRD is more likely than UFD to occur near public lands; hence it may have a larger influence on nature reserves and wilderness species. The ecological mechanisms that may underlie these responses involve alteration of habitat, ecological processes, biotic interactions, and increased human disturbance. Research on the patterns and mechanisms of biodiversity remains underdeveloped, and comparative and experimental studies are needed. Knowledge resulting from such studies will increase our ability to understand, manage, and mitigate negative impacts on biodiversity.
Author	Knight, R.L Jones, K Powell, S Hansen, A.J Brown, K Marzluff, J.M Gude, P.H
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Notes	E‐mail Present address: 14445 Buffalo St., Anchorage, Alaska 99516 Present address: P.O. Box 283, King Salmon, Alaska 99613. Corresponding Editor: M. G. Turner. For reprints of this Invited Feature, see footnote 1, p. 1849 hansen@montana.edu ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
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Snippet	Low-density rural home development is the fastest-growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This "exurban" development ($\sim 6-25 homes/km^2$)... Low‐density rural home development is the fastest‐growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This “exurban” development (∼6–25 homes/km2)... Low-density rural home development is the fastest-growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This "exurban" development ( similar to 6-25... Low‐density rural home development is the fastest‐growing form of land use in the United States since 1950. This “exurban” development (∼6–25 homes/km²)...
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StartPage	1893
SubjectTerms	Biodiversity biotic interactions Bird nesting Birds Conservation biology ecological mechanisms environmental impact exurban development fire habitat destruction habitat fragmentation Invited Feature: Land-Use Change in Rural America land cover Land development land management Land use land use change landscape management Landscapes Montana Public land rural areas rural residential development Species species diversity suburban areas United States Urban ecology urban fringe development urbanization Washington weeds
Title	Effects of exurban development on biodiversity: patterns, mechanisms, and research needs
URI	https://www.jstor.org/stable/4543492 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890%2F05-5221 https://www.proquest.com/docview/17466083 https://www.proquest.com/docview/46857218
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