Incidental axillary dose delivery to axillary lymph node levels I–III by different techniques of whole-breast irradiation: a systematic literature review

Background and objective In breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma remains an issue. The question of whether breast irradiation may unintentionally include levels I, II, and III, and...

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Vydáno v:Strahlentherapie und Onkologie Ročník 197; číslo 9; s. 820 - 828
Hlavní autoři: Schmitt, Martin, Pin, Yvan, Pflumio, Carole, Mathelin, Carole, Pivot, Xavier, Noel, Georges
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.09.2021
Springer Nature B.V
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ISSN:0179-7158, 1439-099X, 1439-099X
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Abstract Background and objective In breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma remains an issue. The question of whether breast irradiation may unintentionally include levels I, II, and III, and may decrease the risk of axillary recurrence, remains a topic of discussion. Patients and methods A literature search was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify articles that have published data regarding dose–volume analysis of axillary levels in breast irradiation. The following MESH terms were used: “breast cancer/lymph nodes” AND “radiotherapy dosage.” Results Thirteen articles were identified. The irradiation technique, initial dose prescribed to the breast, delineated volumes, and dose received at axillary levels were heterogeneous. The average dose delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using standard fields (ST) ranged between 22 and 43.5 Gy, 3 and 35.6 Gy, and 1.0 and 20.5 Gy, respectively. The average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using “high tangential” fields (HT) ranged between 38 and 49.7 Gy, 11 and 47.1 Gy, and 5 and 44.7 Gy, respectively. Finally, the average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were between 14.5 and 42.6 Gy, 3.4 and 35 Gy, and 1.2 and 25.5 Gy, respectively. Conclusion Our literature review suggests that the incidental dose delivered to the axilla during whole-breast irradiation is heterogenous and dependent on the irradiation technique used. However, whether this observation can be translated into a therapeutic effect is still a matter of debate.
AbstractList In breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma remains an issue. The question of whether breast irradiation may unintentionally include levels I, II, and III, and may decrease the risk of axillary recurrence, remains a topic of discussion. A literature search was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify articles that have published data regarding dose-volume analysis of axillary levels in breast irradiation. The following MESH terms were used: "breast cancer/lymph nodes" AND "radiotherapy dosage." Thirteen articles were identified. The irradiation technique, initial dose prescribed to the breast, delineated volumes, and dose received at axillary levels were heterogeneous. The average dose delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using standard fields (ST) ranged between 22 and 43.5 Gy, 3 and 35.6 Gy, and 1.0 and 20.5 Gy, respectively. The average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using "high tangential" fields (HT) ranged between 38 and 49.7 Gy, 11 and 47.1 Gy, and 5 and 44.7 Gy, respectively. Finally, the average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were between 14.5 and 42.6 Gy, 3.4 and 35 Gy, and 1.2 and 25.5 Gy, respectively. Our literature review suggests that the incidental dose delivered to the axilla during whole-breast irradiation is heterogenous and dependent on the irradiation technique used. However, whether this observation can be translated into a therapeutic effect is still a matter of debate.
Background and objectiveIn breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma remains an issue. The question of whether breast irradiation may unintentionally include levels I, II, and III, and may decrease the risk of axillary recurrence, remains a topic of discussion.Patients and methodsA literature search was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify articles that have published data regarding dose–volume analysis of axillary levels in breast irradiation. The following MESH terms were used: “breast cancer/lymph nodes” AND “radiotherapy dosage.”ResultsThirteen articles were identified. The irradiation technique, initial dose prescribed to the breast, delineated volumes, and dose received at axillary levels were heterogeneous. The average dose delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using standard fields (ST) ranged between 22 and 43.5 Gy, 3 and 35.6 Gy, and 1.0 and 20.5 Gy, respectively. The average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using “high tangential” fields (HT) ranged between 38 and 49.7 Gy, 11 and 47.1 Gy, and 5 and 44.7 Gy, respectively. Finally, the average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were between 14.5 and 42.6 Gy, 3.4 and 35 Gy, and 1.2 and 25.5 Gy, respectively.ConclusionOur literature review suggests that the incidental dose delivered to the axilla during whole-breast irradiation is heterogenous and dependent on the irradiation technique used. However, whether this observation can be translated into a therapeutic effect is still a matter of debate.
In breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma remains an issue. The question of whether breast irradiation may unintentionally include levels I, II, and III, and may decrease the risk of axillary recurrence, remains a topic of discussion.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEIn breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma remains an issue. The question of whether breast irradiation may unintentionally include levels I, II, and III, and may decrease the risk of axillary recurrence, remains a topic of discussion.A literature search was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify articles that have published data regarding dose-volume analysis of axillary levels in breast irradiation. The following MESH terms were used: "breast cancer/lymph nodes" AND "radiotherapy dosage."PATIENTS AND METHODSA literature search was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify articles that have published data regarding dose-volume analysis of axillary levels in breast irradiation. The following MESH terms were used: "breast cancer/lymph nodes" AND "radiotherapy dosage."Thirteen articles were identified. The irradiation technique, initial dose prescribed to the breast, delineated volumes, and dose received at axillary levels were heterogeneous. The average dose delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using standard fields (ST) ranged between 22 and 43.5 Gy, 3 and 35.6 Gy, and 1.0 and 20.5 Gy, respectively. The average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using "high tangential" fields (HT) ranged between 38 and 49.7 Gy, 11 and 47.1 Gy, and 5 and 44.7 Gy, respectively. Finally, the average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were between 14.5 and 42.6 Gy, 3.4 and 35 Gy, and 1.2 and 25.5 Gy, respectively.RESULTSThirteen articles were identified. The irradiation technique, initial dose prescribed to the breast, delineated volumes, and dose received at axillary levels were heterogeneous. The average dose delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using standard fields (ST) ranged between 22 and 43.5 Gy, 3 and 35.6 Gy, and 1.0 and 20.5 Gy, respectively. The average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using "high tangential" fields (HT) ranged between 38 and 49.7 Gy, 11 and 47.1 Gy, and 5 and 44.7 Gy, respectively. Finally, the average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were between 14.5 and 42.6 Gy, 3.4 and 35 Gy, and 1.2 and 25.5 Gy, respectively.Our literature review suggests that the incidental dose delivered to the axilla during whole-breast irradiation is heterogenous and dependent on the irradiation technique used. However, whether this observation can be translated into a therapeutic effect is still a matter of debate.CONCLUSIONOur literature review suggests that the incidental dose delivered to the axilla during whole-breast irradiation is heterogenous and dependent on the irradiation technique used. However, whether this observation can be translated into a therapeutic effect is still a matter of debate.
Background and objective In breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma remains an issue. The question of whether breast irradiation may unintentionally include levels I, II, and III, and may decrease the risk of axillary recurrence, remains a topic of discussion. Patients and methods A literature search was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify articles that have published data regarding dose–volume analysis of axillary levels in breast irradiation. The following MESH terms were used: “breast cancer/lymph nodes” AND “radiotherapy dosage.” Results Thirteen articles were identified. The irradiation technique, initial dose prescribed to the breast, delineated volumes, and dose received at axillary levels were heterogeneous. The average dose delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using standard fields (ST) ranged between 22 and 43.5 Gy, 3 and 35.6 Gy, and 1.0 and 20.5 Gy, respectively. The average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using “high tangential” fields (HT) ranged between 38 and 49.7 Gy, 11 and 47.1 Gy, and 5 and 44.7 Gy, respectively. Finally, the average doses delivered to axilla levels I, II, and III using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) were between 14.5 and 42.6 Gy, 3.4 and 35 Gy, and 1.2 and 25.5 Gy, respectively. Conclusion Our literature review suggests that the incidental dose delivered to the axilla during whole-breast irradiation is heterogenous and dependent on the irradiation technique used. However, whether this observation can be translated into a therapeutic effect is still a matter of debate.
Author Pivot, Xavier
Schmitt, Martin
Pflumio, Carole
Mathelin, Carole
Pin, Yvan
Noel, Georges
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34292348$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 9
Keywords Breast neoplasms
Intensity-modulated radiotherapy
Radiotherapy
Three-dimensional radiotherapy
Radiotherapy dosage
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ORCID 0000-0002-3969-6610
PMID 34292348
PQID 2565287389
PQPubID 54006
PageCount 9
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_2554351933
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crossref_citationtrail_10_1007_s00066_021_01808_y
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00066_021_01808_y
springer_journals_10_1007_s00066_021_01808_y
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20210900
2021-09-00
2021-Sep
20210901
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-09-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 9
  year: 2021
  text: 20210900
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Berlin/Heidelberg
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Berlin/Heidelberg
– name: Germany
– name: Heidelberg
PublicationSubtitle Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
PublicationTitle Strahlentherapie und Onkologie
PublicationTitleAbbrev Strahlenther Onkol
PublicationTitleAlternate Strahlenther Onkol
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Springer Nature B.V
Publisher_xml – name: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
– name: Springer Nature B.V
References JatoiIBensonJRKunklerIHypothesis: can the abscopal effect explain the impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on breast cancer mortality?NPJ Breast Cancer2018481:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXht1ektbnF10.1038/s41523-018-0061-y296443385882959
van WelyBJTeerenstraSSchinagl aDXSystematic review of the effect of external beam radiation therapy to the breast on axillary recurrence after negative sentinel lymph node biopsyBr J Surg20119832633310.1002/bjs.736021254004
HellmanSStopping metastases at their sourceN Engl J Med19973379969971:STN:280:DyaK2svktFShsQ%3D%3D10.1056/NEJM1997100233714089309106
National Comprehensive Cancer NetworkNCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology2020Fort WashingtonNCCN
OrecchiaRHuscherALeonardiMCIrradiation with standard tangential breast fields in patients treated with conservative surgery and sentinel node biopsy: using a three-dimensional tool to evaluate the first level coverage of the axillary nodesBr J Radiol20057851541:STN:280:DC%2BD2M%2Fks1Whsg%3D%3D10.1259/bjr/2924240715673530
GalimbertiVColeBFVialeGAxillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with breast cancer and sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): 10-year follow-up of a randomised, controlled phase 3 trialLancet Oncol2018191385139310.1016/S1470-2045(18)30380-230196031
PoortmansPMWeltensCFortpiedCInternal mammary and medial supraclavicular lymph node chain irradiation in stage I–III breast cancer (EORTC 22922/10925): 15-year results of a randomised, phase 3 trialLancet Oncol202010.1016/S1470-2045(20)30472-133152293
JacobsonGBunda-RandallNWenSMillerMAxillary lymph node coverage with 3-dimensional tangential field irradiation and correlation with heart and lung doseAdv Radiat Oncol2017263063510.1016/j.adro.2017.07.005292045315707414
LiviLMeattiniIMarrazzoLAccelerated partial breast irradiation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus whole breast irradiation: 5-year survival analysis of a phase 3 randomised controlled trialEur J Cancer20155145146310.1016/j.ejca.2014.12.01325605582
SoláMAlberroJAFraileMComplete axillary lymph node dissection versus clinical follow-up in breast cancer patients with sentinel node micrometastasis: final results from the multicenter clinical trial AATRM 048/13/2000Ann Surg Oncol20132012012710.1245/s10434-012-2569-y22956062
LeeJKimS-WSonSHDosimetric evaluation of incidental irradiation to the axilla during whole breast radiotherapy for patients with left-sided early breast cancer in the IMRT eraMedicine201695e40361:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtFWhsr3F10.1097/MD.0000000000004036273680304937944
ZhangLYangZChenXDose coverage of axillary level I–III areas during whole breast irradiation with simplified intensity modulated radiation therapy in early stage breast cancer patientsOncotarget20156181831819110.18632/oncotarget.4301
LiXATaiAArthurDWVariability of target and normal structure delineation for breast cancer radiotherapy: an RTOG Multi-Institutional and Multiobserver StudyInt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys20097394495110.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.10.034192158272911777
Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG)DaviesCGodwinJRelevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trialsLancet20113787717841:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVyrsb7M10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60993-8
BelkacemiYBigorieVPanQBreast radiotherapy (RT) using tangential fields (TgF): a prospective evaluation of the dose distribution in the sentinel lymph node (SLN) area as determined intraoperatively by clip placementAnn Surg Oncol2014213758376510.1245/s10434-014-3966-1250963884189004
WhelanTJOlivottoIAParulekarWRRegional nodal irradiation in early-stage breast cancerN Engl J Med20153733073161:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtlKrtbbI10.1056/NEJMoa1415340262009774556358
AlçoGIğdemSIErcanTCoverage of axillary lymph nodes with high tangential fields in breast radiotherapyBJR2010831072107610.1259/bjr/25788274210880913473605
KrasinMMcCallAKingSEvaluation of a standard breast tangent technique: a dose-volume analysis of tangential irradiation using three-dimensional toolsInt J Radiat Oncol2000473273331:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3mtlyitg%3D%3D10.1016/S0360-3016(00)00449-1
KragDNAndersonSJJulianTBSentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trialLancet Oncol20101192793310.1016/S1470-2045(10)70207-2208637593041644
KatariaTBishtSSGuptaDIncidental radiation to axilla in early breast cancer treated with intensity modulated tangents and comparison with conventional and 3D conformal tangentsBreast2013221125112910.1016/j.breast.2013.07.05424012148
MayingerMBormKJDreherCIncidental dose distribution to locoregional lymph nodes of breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy with tomotherapy – is it time to adjust current contouring guidelines to the radiation technique?Radiat Oncol201910.1186/s13014-019-1328-7315337426749713
MoherDLiberatiATetzlaffJPreferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statementPLoS Med20096e100009710.1371/journal.pmed.1000097196210722707599
MeattiniIDe SantisMCDe RoseFLocal treatment of the Axilla in early breast cancer: so many questions, still few answersClin Oncol202032e37e381:STN:280:DC%2BB3MvovFSntw%3D%3D10.1016/j.clon.2019.08.001
AristeiCChionneFMarsellaAREvaluation of level I and II axillary nodes included in the standard breast tangential fields and calculation of the administered dose: results of a prospective studyInt J Radiat Oncol20015169731:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvntF2rtQ%3D%3D10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01595-4
ThorsenLBJOffersenBVDanøHDBCG-IMN: a population-based cohort study on the effect of internal mammary node irradiation in early node-positive breast cancerJ Clin Oncol20163431432010.1200/JCO.2015.63.645626598752
ColesCEGriffinCLKirbyAMPartial-breast radiotherapy after breast conservation surgery for patients with early breast cancer (UK IMPORT LOW trial): 5-year results from a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trialLancet20173901048106010.1016/S0140-6736(17)31145-5287799635594247
BelkacémiYFourquetACutuliBRadiotherapy for invasive breast cancer: Guidelines for clinical practice from the French expert review board of Nice/Saint-Paul de VenceCrit Rev Oncol Hematol2011799110210.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.06.00220615725
ViciniFACecchiniRSWhiteJRLong-term primary results of accelerated partial breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer: a randomised, phase 3, equivalence trialLancet20193942155216410.1016/S0140-6736(19)32514-0318136367199428
BergJWThe significance of axillary node levels in the study of breast carcinomaCancer195587767781:STN:280:DyaG2M7gt12htg%3D%3D10.1002/1097-0142(1955)8:4<776::AID-CNCR2820080421>3.0.CO;2-B
WithersHRSuwinskiRRadiation dose response for subclinical metastasesSemin Radiat Oncol199882242281:STN:280:DyaK1c3pvVeltg%3D%3D10.1016/S1053-4296(98)80048-99634499
ReznikJCicchettiMGDegaspeBFitzgeraldTJAnalysis of axillary coverage during tangential radiation therapy to the breastInt J Radiat Oncol20056116316810.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.04.065
GalimbertiVColeBFZurridaSAxillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): a phase 3 randomised controlled trialLancet Oncol20131429730510.1016/S1470-2045(13)70035-4234912753935346
JagsiRChadhaMMoniJRadiation field design in the ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) TrialJ Clin Oncol2014323600360610.1200/JCO.2014.56.5838251359944220042
BormKJOechsnerMDüsbergMIrradiation of regional lymph node areas in breast cancer—Dose evaluation according to the Z0011, AMAROS, EORTC 10981-22023 and MA-20 field designRadiother Oncol20201421952011:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhslelu7jI10.1016/j.radonc.2019.08.02131540747
DarbySCEwertzMMcGalePRisk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancerN Engl J Med20133689879981:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXktlemtrk%3D10.1056/NEJMoa120982523484825
MarksLBA standard dose of radiation for “microscopic disease” is not appropriateCancer199066249825021:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FmsVKrsQ%3D%3D10.1002/1097-0142(19901215)66:12%3C2498::AID-CNCR2820661209%3E3.0.CO;2-X2249190
van WelyBJSmidtMLde KievitIMFalse-negative sentinel lymph node biopsyBr J Surg2008951352135510.1002/bjs.634818844270
HughesKSSchnaperLABellonJRLumpectomy plus tamoxifen with or without irradiation in women age 70 years or older with early breast cancer: long-term follow-up of CALGB 9343J Clin Oncol201331238223871:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1GhtL3F10.1200/JCO.2012.45.2615236904203691356
DonkerMSlaetsLvan TienhovenGRutgersEJTAxillary lymph node dissection versus axillary radiotherapy in patients with a positive sentinel node: the AMAROS trialNed Tijdschr Geneeskd2015159A93021:STN:280:DC%2BC28zkt1Cmuw%3D%3D26488192
HafftyBGHuntKKHarrisJRBuchholzTAPositive sentinel nodes without axillary dissection: implications for the radiation oncologistJ Clin Oncol2011294479448110.1200/JCO.2011.36.166722042942
LatosinskySBerrangTSCutterCSCAGS and ACS Evidence Based Reviews in Surgery. 40. Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasisCan J Surg201255666910.1503/cjs.036011222693053270088
WeaverDLAshikagaTKragDNEffect of occult metastases on survival in node-negative breast cancerN Engl J Med20113644124211:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFGhsL0%3D10.1056/NEJMoa1008108212473103044504
De SantisMCBonfantiniFDispinzieriMAxillary coverage by whole breast irradiation in 1 to 2 positive sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patientsTumori Journal2016102440941310.5301/tj.5000482
MoherDLiberatiATetzlaff J et al The PRISMA GroupPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA StatementPLoS Med200966e100009710.1371/journal.pmed1000097196210722707599
WhelanTJJulianJABerrangTSExternal beam accelerated partial breast irradiation versus whole breast irradiation after breast conserving surgery in women with ductal carcinoma in
R Orecchia (1808_CR25) 2005; 78
R Jagsi (1808_CR15) 2014; 32
J Reznik (1808_CR27) 2005; 61
O Gentilini (1808_CR41) 2017; 122
S Latosinsky (1808_CR13) 2012; 55
I Meattini (1808_CR14) 2020; 32
D Moher (1808_CR20) 2009; 6
LBJ Thorsen (1808_CR7) 2016; 34
SC Darby (1808_CR8) 2013; 368
T Kataria (1808_CR30) 2013; 22
KS Hughes (1808_CR4) 2013; 31
KJ Borm (1808_CR29) 2020; 142
MC De Santis (1808_CR34) 2016; 102
DL Weaver (1808_CR36) 2011; 364
LB Marks (1808_CR44) 1990; 66
C Aristei (1808_CR24) 2001; 51
DR Reed (1808_CR26) 2005; 61
M Donker (1808_CR12) 2015; 159
BJ van Wely (1808_CR18) 2008; 95
M Mayinger (1808_CR33) 2019
Y Belkacémi (1808_CR2) 2011; 79
M Krasin (1808_CR23) 2000; 47
TJ Whelan (1808_CR40) 2019; 394
XA Li (1808_CR35) 2009; 73
AE Giuliano (1808_CR11) 2017; 318
V Galimberti (1808_CR9) 2013; 14
CE Coles (1808_CR38) 2017; 390
S Hellman (1808_CR45) 1997; 337
Y Belkacemi (1808_CR22) 2014; 21
BG Haffty (1808_CR16) 2011; 29
J Lee (1808_CR32) 2016; 95
BJ van Wely (1808_CR19) 2011; 98
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (1808_CR1) 2020
PM Poortmans (1808_CR5) 2020
L Zhang (1808_CR31) 2015; 6
FA Vicini (1808_CR39) 2019; 394
I Jatoi (1808_CR46) 2018; 4
HR Withers (1808_CR43) 1998; 8
M Solá (1808_CR10) 2013; 20
G Jacobson (1808_CR21) 2017; 2
G Alço (1808_CR28) 2010; 83
V Galimberti (1808_CR42) 2018; 19
D Moher (1808_CR48) 2009; 6
TJ Whelan (1808_CR6) 2015; 373
L Livi (1808_CR37) 2015; 51
C Davies (1808_CR3) 2011; 378
JW Berg (1808_CR47) 1955; 8
DN Krag (1808_CR17) 2010; 11
References_xml – reference: MeattiniIDe SantisMCDe RoseFLocal treatment of the Axilla in early breast cancer: so many questions, still few answersClin Oncol202032e37e381:STN:280:DC%2BB3MvovFSntw%3D%3D10.1016/j.clon.2019.08.001
– reference: BormKJOechsnerMDüsbergMIrradiation of regional lymph node areas in breast cancer—Dose evaluation according to the Z0011, AMAROS, EORTC 10981-22023 and MA-20 field designRadiother Oncol20201421952011:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhslelu7jI10.1016/j.radonc.2019.08.02131540747
– reference: LiXATaiAArthurDWVariability of target and normal structure delineation for breast cancer radiotherapy: an RTOG Multi-Institutional and Multiobserver StudyInt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys20097394495110.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.10.034192158272911777
– reference: BergJWThe significance of axillary node levels in the study of breast carcinomaCancer195587767781:STN:280:DyaG2M7gt12htg%3D%3D10.1002/1097-0142(1955)8:4<776::AID-CNCR2820080421>3.0.CO;2-B
– reference: BelkacemiYBigorieVPanQBreast radiotherapy (RT) using tangential fields (TgF): a prospective evaluation of the dose distribution in the sentinel lymph node (SLN) area as determined intraoperatively by clip placementAnn Surg Oncol2014213758376510.1245/s10434-014-3966-1250963884189004
– reference: WhelanTJJulianJABerrangTSExternal beam accelerated partial breast irradiation versus whole breast irradiation after breast conserving surgery in women with ductal carcinoma in situ and node-negative breast cancer (RAPID): a randomised controlled trialLancet20193942165217210.1016/S0140-6736(19)32515-231813635
– reference: HughesKSSchnaperLABellonJRLumpectomy plus tamoxifen with or without irradiation in women age 70 years or older with early breast cancer: long-term follow-up of CALGB 9343J Clin Oncol201331238223871:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1GhtL3F10.1200/JCO.2012.45.2615236904203691356
– reference: ColesCEGriffinCLKirbyAMPartial-breast radiotherapy after breast conservation surgery for patients with early breast cancer (UK IMPORT LOW trial): 5-year results from a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trialLancet20173901048106010.1016/S0140-6736(17)31145-5287799635594247
– reference: AristeiCChionneFMarsellaAREvaluation of level I and II axillary nodes included in the standard breast tangential fields and calculation of the administered dose: results of a prospective studyInt J Radiat Oncol20015169731:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvntF2rtQ%3D%3D10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01595-4
– reference: van WelyBJTeerenstraSSchinagl aDXSystematic review of the effect of external beam radiation therapy to the breast on axillary recurrence after negative sentinel lymph node biopsyBr J Surg20119832633310.1002/bjs.736021254004
– reference: GentiliniOBotteriELeonardiMCIpsilateral axillary recurrence after breast conservative surgery: The protective effect of whole breast radiotherapyRadiother Oncol2017122374410.1016/j.radonc.2016.12.02128063695
– reference: ZhangLYangZChenXDose coverage of axillary level I–III areas during whole breast irradiation with simplified intensity modulated radiation therapy in early stage breast cancer patientsOncotarget20156181831819110.18632/oncotarget.4301
– reference: National Comprehensive Cancer NetworkNCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology2020Fort WashingtonNCCN
– reference: WhelanTJOlivottoIAParulekarWRRegional nodal irradiation in early-stage breast cancerN Engl J Med20153733073161:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtlKrtbbI10.1056/NEJMoa1415340262009774556358
– reference: JatoiIBensonJRKunklerIHypothesis: can the abscopal effect explain the impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on breast cancer mortality?NPJ Breast Cancer2018481:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXht1ektbnF10.1038/s41523-018-0061-y296443385882959
– reference: GiulianoAEBallmanKVMcCallLEffect of axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection on 10-year overall survival among women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: the ACOSOG Z0011 (alliance) randomized clinical trialJAMA201731891892610.1001/jama.2017.11470288983795672806
– reference: van WelyBJSmidtMLde KievitIMFalse-negative sentinel lymph node biopsyBr J Surg2008951352135510.1002/bjs.634818844270
– reference: GalimbertiVColeBFZurridaSAxillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): a phase 3 randomised controlled trialLancet Oncol20131429730510.1016/S1470-2045(13)70035-4234912753935346
– reference: LatosinskySBerrangTSCutterCSCAGS and ACS Evidence Based Reviews in Surgery. 40. Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasisCan J Surg201255666910.1503/cjs.036011222693053270088
– reference: MayingerMBormKJDreherCIncidental dose distribution to locoregional lymph nodes of breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy with tomotherapy – is it time to adjust current contouring guidelines to the radiation technique?Radiat Oncol201910.1186/s13014-019-1328-7315337426749713
– reference: JagsiRChadhaMMoniJRadiation field design in the ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) TrialJ Clin Oncol2014323600360610.1200/JCO.2014.56.5838251359944220042
– reference: AlçoGIğdemSIErcanTCoverage of axillary lymph nodes with high tangential fields in breast radiotherapyBJR2010831072107610.1259/bjr/25788274210880913473605
– reference: ViciniFACecchiniRSWhiteJRLong-term primary results of accelerated partial breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery for early-stage breast cancer: a randomised, phase 3, equivalence trialLancet20193942155216410.1016/S0140-6736(19)32514-0318136367199428
– reference: PoortmansPMWeltensCFortpiedCInternal mammary and medial supraclavicular lymph node chain irradiation in stage I–III breast cancer (EORTC 22922/10925): 15-year results of a randomised, phase 3 trialLancet Oncol202010.1016/S1470-2045(20)30472-133152293
– reference: ThorsenLBJOffersenBVDanøHDBCG-IMN: a population-based cohort study on the effect of internal mammary node irradiation in early node-positive breast cancerJ Clin Oncol20163431432010.1200/JCO.2015.63.645626598752
– reference: HafftyBGHuntKKHarrisJRBuchholzTAPositive sentinel nodes without axillary dissection: implications for the radiation oncologistJ Clin Oncol2011294479448110.1200/JCO.2011.36.166722042942
– reference: OrecchiaRHuscherALeonardiMCIrradiation with standard tangential breast fields in patients treated with conservative surgery and sentinel node biopsy: using a three-dimensional tool to evaluate the first level coverage of the axillary nodesBr J Radiol20057851541:STN:280:DC%2BD2M%2Fks1Whsg%3D%3D10.1259/bjr/2924240715673530
– reference: MoherDLiberatiATetzlaffJPreferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statementPLoS Med20096e100009710.1371/journal.pmed.1000097196210722707599
– reference: MarksLBA standard dose of radiation for “microscopic disease” is not appropriateCancer199066249825021:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FmsVKrsQ%3D%3D10.1002/1097-0142(19901215)66:12%3C2498::AID-CNCR2820661209%3E3.0.CO;2-X2249190
– reference: BelkacémiYFourquetACutuliBRadiotherapy for invasive breast cancer: Guidelines for clinical practice from the French expert review board of Nice/Saint-Paul de VenceCrit Rev Oncol Hematol2011799110210.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.06.00220615725
– reference: ReznikJCicchettiMGDegaspeBFitzgeraldTJAnalysis of axillary coverage during tangential radiation therapy to the breastInt J Radiat Oncol20056116316810.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.04.065
– reference: KrasinMMcCallAKingSEvaluation of a standard breast tangent technique: a dose-volume analysis of tangential irradiation using three-dimensional toolsInt J Radiat Oncol2000473273331:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3mtlyitg%3D%3D10.1016/S0360-3016(00)00449-1
– reference: HellmanSStopping metastases at their sourceN Engl J Med19973379969971:STN:280:DyaK2svktFShsQ%3D%3D10.1056/NEJM1997100233714089309106
– reference: DonkerMSlaetsLvan TienhovenGRutgersEJTAxillary lymph node dissection versus axillary radiotherapy in patients with a positive sentinel node: the AMAROS trialNed Tijdschr Geneeskd2015159A93021:STN:280:DC%2BC28zkt1Cmuw%3D%3D26488192
– reference: WithersHRSuwinskiRRadiation dose response for subclinical metastasesSemin Radiat Oncol199882242281:STN:280:DyaK1c3pvVeltg%3D%3D10.1016/S1053-4296(98)80048-99634499
– reference: Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG)DaviesCGodwinJRelevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trialsLancet20113787717841:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVyrsb7M10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60993-8
– reference: LeeJKimS-WSonSHDosimetric evaluation of incidental irradiation to the axilla during whole breast radiotherapy for patients with left-sided early breast cancer in the IMRT eraMedicine201695e40361:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtFWhsr3F10.1097/MD.0000000000004036273680304937944
– reference: DarbySCEwertzMMcGalePRisk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancerN Engl J Med20133689879981:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXktlemtrk%3D10.1056/NEJMoa120982523484825
– reference: De SantisMCBonfantiniFDispinzieriMAxillary coverage by whole breast irradiation in 1 to 2 positive sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patientsTumori Journal2016102440941310.5301/tj.5000482
– reference: JacobsonGBunda-RandallNWenSMillerMAxillary lymph node coverage with 3-dimensional tangential field irradiation and correlation with heart and lung doseAdv Radiat Oncol2017263063510.1016/j.adro.2017.07.005292045315707414
– reference: ReedDRLindsleySKMannGNAxillary lymph node dose with tangential breast irradiationInt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys20056135836410.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.06.00615667953
– reference: GalimbertiVColeBFVialeGAxillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with breast cancer and sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): 10-year follow-up of a randomised, controlled phase 3 trialLancet Oncol2018191385139310.1016/S1470-2045(18)30380-230196031
– reference: SoláMAlberroJAFraileMComplete axillary lymph node dissection versus clinical follow-up in breast cancer patients with sentinel node micrometastasis: final results from the multicenter clinical trial AATRM 048/13/2000Ann Surg Oncol20132012012710.1245/s10434-012-2569-y22956062
– reference: MoherDLiberatiATetzlaff J et al The PRISMA GroupPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA StatementPLoS Med200966e100009710.1371/journal.pmed1000097196210722707599
– reference: WeaverDLAshikagaTKragDNEffect of occult metastases on survival in node-negative breast cancerN Engl J Med20113644124211:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFGhsL0%3D10.1056/NEJMoa1008108212473103044504
– reference: KragDNAndersonSJJulianTBSentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trialLancet Oncol20101192793310.1016/S1470-2045(10)70207-2208637593041644
– reference: KatariaTBishtSSGuptaDIncidental radiation to axilla in early breast cancer treated with intensity modulated tangents and comparison with conventional and 3D conformal tangentsBreast2013221125112910.1016/j.breast.2013.07.05424012148
– reference: LiviLMeattiniIMarrazzoLAccelerated partial breast irradiation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus whole breast irradiation: 5-year survival analysis of a phase 3 randomised controlled trialEur J Cancer20155145146310.1016/j.ejca.2014.12.01325605582
– volume: 47
  start-page: 327
  year: 2000
  ident: 1808_CR23
  publication-title: Int J Radiat Oncol
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Snippet Background and objective In breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with...
In breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma...
Background and objectiveIn breast cancer treatment, radiotherapy is an essential component for locoregional management. Axillary recurrence in patients with...
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SubjectTerms Axilla - pathology
Breast cancer
Breast Neoplasms - pathology
Breast Neoplasms - radiotherapy
Female
Humans
Literature reviews
Lymph Nodes - pathology
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Oncology
Radiation dosage
Radiation therapy
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy Dosage
Radiotherapy, Conformal - methods
Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated - methods
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Title Incidental axillary dose delivery to axillary lymph node levels I–III by different techniques of whole-breast irradiation: a systematic literature review
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34292348
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