Skin and respiratory exposure to platinum group metals at two South African precious metals refineries

Objective Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure of precious metals refinery workers to all six soluble PGMs. Met...

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Vydáno v:	International archives of occupational and environmental health Ročník 94; číslo 5; s. 1073 - 1083
Hlavní autoři:	Linde, Stephanus J. L., Franken, Anja, du Plessis, Johannes L.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.07.2021 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Archives & records Chloride Confidence intervals Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental Health Exposure Forehead Hazardous materials Heavy metals Inhalation Iridium Medical research Metals Neck Noble metals Occupational exposure Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Original Article Osmium Palladium Personal protective equipment Platinum Platinum metals Refineries Rehabilitation Respiration Rhodium Ruthenium Shift work Skin Wrist Ruthenium Rhodium Ghostwipes Dermal exposure Palladium Iridium Osmium
ISSN:	0340-0131, 1432-1246, 1432-1246
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Abstract	Objective Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure of precious metals refinery workers to all six soluble PGMs. Methods The simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure to soluble PGMs of forty workers at two precious metals refineries were measured over two consecutive work shifts using Ghostwipes™ and Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances method 46/2. Skin exposure was measured on the palm, wrist, neck, and forehead of workers. Results The highest geometric mean (GM) skin exposure (average of palm, wrist, neck and forehead) was found for soluble Pt (0.008 µg/cm 2 ) [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.005–0.013], followed, in order, by Rh, Ir, Pd, Ru, and Os. Significantly higher concentrations of soluble PGMs were found on the palm and wrist compared to the neck and forehead ( p < 0.0001). The highest GM respiratory exposure was found for soluble Pd (0.342 µg/m 3 [95% CI 0.163–0.718]) followed, in order, by Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os. Skin exposure to all soluble PGMs was positively correlated with respiratory exposure ( r = 0.466–0.702). Conclusion This is the first study to report skin exposure to all six soluble PGMs. Precious metals refinery workers were exposed to quantifiable concentrations of soluble PGMs via both the skin and inhalation. Exposure via both routes occurred together and control measures should be aimed at reducing both skin and respiratory exposure.
AbstractList	Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure of precious metals refinery workers to all six soluble PGMs.OBJECTIVEPlatinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure of precious metals refinery workers to all six soluble PGMs.The simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure to soluble PGMs of forty workers at two precious metals refineries were measured over two consecutive work shifts using Ghostwipes™ and Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances method 46/2. Skin exposure was measured on the palm, wrist, neck, and forehead of workers.METHODSThe simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure to soluble PGMs of forty workers at two precious metals refineries were measured over two consecutive work shifts using Ghostwipes™ and Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances method 46/2. Skin exposure was measured on the palm, wrist, neck, and forehead of workers.The highest geometric mean (GM) skin exposure (average of palm, wrist, neck and forehead) was found for soluble Pt (0.008 µg/cm2) [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.005-0.013], followed, in order, by Rh, Ir, Pd, Ru, and Os. Significantly higher concentrations of soluble PGMs were found on the palm and wrist compared to the neck and forehead (p < 0.0001). The highest GM respiratory exposure was found for soluble Pd (0.342 µg/m3 [95% CI 0.163-0.718]) followed, in order, by Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os. Skin exposure to all soluble PGMs was positively correlated with respiratory exposure (r = 0.466-0.702).RESULTSThe highest geometric mean (GM) skin exposure (average of palm, wrist, neck and forehead) was found for soluble Pt (0.008 µg/cm2) [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.005-0.013], followed, in order, by Rh, Ir, Pd, Ru, and Os. Significantly higher concentrations of soluble PGMs were found on the palm and wrist compared to the neck and forehead (p < 0.0001). The highest GM respiratory exposure was found for soluble Pd (0.342 µg/m3 [95% CI 0.163-0.718]) followed, in order, by Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os. Skin exposure to all soluble PGMs was positively correlated with respiratory exposure (r = 0.466-0.702).This is the first study to report skin exposure to all six soluble PGMs. Precious metals refinery workers were exposed to quantifiable concentrations of soluble PGMs via both the skin and inhalation. Exposure via both routes occurred together and control measures should be aimed at reducing both skin and respiratory exposure.CONCLUSIONThis is the first study to report skin exposure to all six soluble PGMs. Precious metals refinery workers were exposed to quantifiable concentrations of soluble PGMs via both the skin and inhalation. Exposure via both routes occurred together and control measures should be aimed at reducing both skin and respiratory exposure. Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure of precious metals refinery workers to all six soluble PGMs. The simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure to soluble PGMs of forty workers at two precious metals refineries were measured over two consecutive work shifts using Ghostwipes™ and Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances method 46/2. Skin exposure was measured on the palm, wrist, neck, and forehead of workers. The highest geometric mean (GM) skin exposure (average of palm, wrist, neck and forehead) was found for soluble Pt (0.008 µg/cm ) [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.005-0.013], followed, in order, by Rh, Ir, Pd, Ru, and Os. Significantly higher concentrations of soluble PGMs were found on the palm and wrist compared to the neck and forehead (p < 0.0001). The highest GM respiratory exposure was found for soluble Pd (0.342 µg/m [95% CI 0.163-0.718]) followed, in order, by Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os. Skin exposure to all soluble PGMs was positively correlated with respiratory exposure (r = 0.466-0.702). This is the first study to report skin exposure to all six soluble PGMs. Precious metals refinery workers were exposed to quantifiable concentrations of soluble PGMs via both the skin and inhalation. Exposure via both routes occurred together and control measures should be aimed at reducing both skin and respiratory exposure. ObjectivePlatinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure of precious metals refinery workers to all six soluble PGMs.MethodsThe simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure to soluble PGMs of forty workers at two precious metals refineries were measured over two consecutive work shifts using Ghostwipes™ and Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances method 46/2. Skin exposure was measured on the palm, wrist, neck, and forehead of workers.ResultsThe highest geometric mean (GM) skin exposure (average of palm, wrist, neck and forehead) was found for soluble Pt (0.008 µg/cm2) [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.005–0.013], followed, in order, by Rh, Ir, Pd, Ru, and Os. Significantly higher concentrations of soluble PGMs were found on the palm and wrist compared to the neck and forehead (p < 0.0001). The highest GM respiratory exposure was found for soluble Pd (0.342 µg/m3 [95% CI 0.163–0.718]) followed, in order, by Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os. Skin exposure to all soluble PGMs was positively correlated with respiratory exposure (r = 0.466–0.702).ConclusionThis is the first study to report skin exposure to all six soluble PGMs. Precious metals refinery workers were exposed to quantifiable concentrations of soluble PGMs via both the skin and inhalation. Exposure via both routes occurred together and control measures should be aimed at reducing both skin and respiratory exposure. Objective Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure of precious metals refinery workers to all six soluble PGMs. Methods The simultaneous skin and respiratory exposure to soluble PGMs of forty workers at two precious metals refineries were measured over two consecutive work shifts using Ghostwipes™ and Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances method 46/2. Skin exposure was measured on the palm, wrist, neck, and forehead of workers. Results The highest geometric mean (GM) skin exposure (average of palm, wrist, neck and forehead) was found for soluble Pt (0.008 µg/cm 2 ) [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.005–0.013], followed, in order, by Rh, Ir, Pd, Ru, and Os. Significantly higher concentrations of soluble PGMs were found on the palm and wrist compared to the neck and forehead ( p < 0.0001). The highest GM respiratory exposure was found for soluble Pd (0.342 µg/m 3 [95% CI 0.163–0.718]) followed, in order, by Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os. Skin exposure to all soluble PGMs was positively correlated with respiratory exposure ( r = 0.466–0.702). Conclusion This is the first study to report skin exposure to all six soluble PGMs. Precious metals refinery workers were exposed to quantifiable concentrations of soluble PGMs via both the skin and inhalation. Exposure via both routes occurred together and control measures should be aimed at reducing both skin and respiratory exposure.
Author	Franken, Anja Linde, Stephanus J. L. du Plessis, Johannes L.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Stephanus J. L. orcidid: 0000-0002-0628-5268 surname: Linde fullname: Linde, Stephanus J. L. email: stefan.linde@nwu.ac.za organization: Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University – sequence: 2 givenname: Anja surname: Franken fullname: Franken, Anja organization: Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University – sequence: 3 givenname: Johannes L. surname: du Plessis fullname: du Plessis, Johannes L. organization: Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University
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Snippet	Objective Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of... Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of this study... ObjectivePlatinum Group Metals (PGMs) are mined and refined together and have the potential to elicit adverse respiratory and skin health effects. The aim of...
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SubjectTerms	Archives & records Chloride Confidence intervals Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental Health Exposure Forehead Hazardous materials Heavy metals Inhalation Iridium Medical research Metals Neck Noble metals Occupational exposure Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Original Article Osmium Palladium Personal protective equipment Platinum Platinum metals Refineries Rehabilitation Respiration Rhodium Ruthenium Shift work Skin Wrist
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Title	Skin and respiratory exposure to platinum group metals at two South African precious metals refineries
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